w% ~  vn  \  S  £ . 

Studies  in  American  Social  Conditions — 4 


The  Labor  Problem 


Edited  by 

Richard  Henry  Edwards 


Madison,  Wisconsin 
April,  1909 


Studies  in  American  Social  Conditions — 4 


The  Labor  Problem 


Edited  by 

Richard  Henry  Edwards 


Madison,  Wisconsin 
April,  1909 


Copyright,  1909 

by  Richard  Henry  Edwards 


Outline 


The  Social  Problems  Group  Idea 
Suggestions  for  Use 
The  Labor  Problem 

The  Labor  Problem 


PAGE 


6- 

8 


General  Bibliography 

*  •  •  • 

1  The  Distinctive  Developments  of  American  Industry 

2  American  Labor  under  Aggravated  Conditions 

a  General 
b  The  sweatshops 
e  The  unemployed 


3  The  Phases  of  Industrial  Warfare: 

Blacklists  and  Boycotts 

4  The  Employer’s  Point  of  View 

5  The  Employee’s  Point  of  View 


Strikes 


AND 


Lockouts, 


19 

21 


22 

23 


24 


25 

27 


a  As  to  conditions  in  general 
b  As  to  hours 
c  As  to  wages 

6  The  Conditions  of  Women’s  Labor 

7  Child  Labor 


.  28 
.  29 
.  30 
.  31 
.  33 


The  Proposed  Solutions 

General  Bibliography 

1  Proposed  Solutions  by  the  Employer 

a  Welfare  work 

•  •  • 

b  Profit  sharing 

°  *  •  •  • 

c  Employer’s  associations 

2  Proposed  Solutions  by  the  Employees 

a  Labor  organizations  . 

•  •  • 

b  Co-operative  industry 

3  Joint  Agreements:  Conciliation  and  Arbitration 

4  Idealistic  Proposals  affecting  the  Labor  Problem 

5  Legislative  Control 

a  Labor  legislation 

b  Employer’s  liability  .... 
c  Industrial  insurance  . 


.  35 


.  36 
.  36 
.  37 

.  38 

.  41 
.  42 
.  43 

.  45 
.  47 
.  48 


The  Social  Problems  Group  Idea 


It  is  agreed  among  social  workers  that  enough  reliable 
information  about  our  social  conditions  has  been  amassed 
to  stir  all  thoughtful  citizens,  were  the  facts  but  gener¬ 
ally  known.  It  is  likewise  agreed  that  enough  lines  of 
solution  have  been  proposed  to  make  effective  war  on  the 
forces  of  greed,  lust,  and  death,  were  those  solutions  but 
widely  and  earnestly  attempted.  It  is  an  immediate  ne¬ 
cessity,  therefore,  to  get  the  ear  of  all  right-minded  men 
and  to  direct  their  attention  to  the  naked  facts  of  our  so¬ 
cial  conditions  till  they  be  stirred  to  intelligent  and  persis¬ 
tent  action.  The  Social  Problems  Group  Idea  is  aimed 
at  this  necessity.  It  embraces  a  definite  and  tested  plan 
for  the  constructive  study  of  American  Social  Questions 
from  the  popular  point  of  view.  It  connotes  the  wide 
spreading  of  reliable  facts,  the  grip  of  those  facts  upon 
the  social  conscience,  and  intelligent  action  in  cleaning  up 
bad  conditions.  It  is  in  brief,  this — that  a  group  of  men 
meet  regularly  from  time  to  time  to  consider  the  salient 
facts  of  our  leading  social  problems ;  that  they  candidly 
discuss  those  facts  and  the  proposed  solutions,  and  that 
they  take  individual  or  united  action  toward  solving  the 
problems  acute  in  their  community.  The  plan  is  adapt¬ 
able  to  widely  different  types  of  mind  and  to  men  of  all 


The  Labor  Problem 


5 


schools  in  political,  social,  or  religious  faith.  A  group 
can  be  formed  anywhere  without  formalities,  through  the 
mutual  desire  of  a  few  men,  the  choice  of  a  leader,  and 
agreement  as  to  time  and  place  of  meeting. 

An  account  of  the  original  Group  which  was  formed 
at  Madison,  Wisconsin,  in  the  fall  of  1906  will  be  found 
in  an  article  in  Charities  and  the  Commons  for  October 
17,  1908.  A  reprint  of  that  article,  which  tells  how  to 
prepare  for  and  conduct  the  meetings  and  touches  upon 
the  duties  of  the  leader  can  be  secured  from  the  address 
given  below. 

In  view  of  the  fact  that  the  original  group  met  in  a 
Christian  church,  the  question  of  the  reality  and  extent 
of  the  contribution  made  by  the  teaching  of  Jesus  to  the 
solution  of  each  problem  was  considered.  Those  who 
desire  to  study  the  problems  from  this  point  of  view  are 
referred  to  “Christianity  and  the  Social  Crisis”  by  Walter 
Fauschenbush,  Macmillan,  New  York,  1907,  $1.50;  to 
“Jesus  Christ  and  the  Social  Question”  by  F.  G.  Pea¬ 
body,  Macmillan,  New  York,  $1.50  (fifty  cent  edition 
Grosset  and  Dunlap,  New  Tork)  ;  to  “The  Social  Signifi¬ 
cance  of  the  Teachings  of  Jesus”  by  J.  W.  Jenks,  Inter¬ 
national  Committee,  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  1906,  75c.  and  the 
books  to  which  they  refer. 

Parallel  studies  upon  ten  problems  are  appearing  in  the 
following  order  as  rapidly  as  the  exigencies  of  editing 
and  printing  will  permit : 

1.  The  Liquor  Problem. 

2.  The  Negro  Problem. 

3.  Immigration. 

4.  The  Labor  Problem. 


6 


American  Social  Studies 


5.  Poverty. 

6.  Excessive  and  Concentrated  Wealth. 

7.  Municipal  Government. 

8.  The  Children  of  the  Cities. 

9.  The  Increase  of  Crime  and  the  Administration  of 

Criminal  Justice. 

10.  The  Treatment  of  the  Criminal. 

1  hese  studies  are  sold  at  a  nominal  price,  10  cents  each, 
postage  2c,  for  all  except  the  Labor  Problem  which  is 
20c  postpaid.  The  entire  series  including  a  reprint  of  the 
Charities  article  is  sold  at  $1.15  postpaid.  One  hundred 
copies  of  any  study,  except  the  Labor  Problem,  or  ten  sets 
of  the  entire  series,  will  be  sold  at  $10.50,  postpaid.  One 
hundred  copies  of  the  Labor  Problem  are  sold  at  $18.00, 
postpaid.  Order  from  the  editor,  enclosing  the  cash. 


Suggestions  for  Use 

1  he  use  of  this  study  upon  The  Labor  Problem  is  in 
no  way  confined  to  Social  Problems  Groups. 

1.  It  may  also  be  used  for  personal  study.  Refer¬ 
ences  to  concise  statements  of  fact  in  readable  form  are 
given  for  those  who  desire  a  brief  but  orderly  survey  of 
the  problem.  Those  who  desire  more  scientific  matter 
will  find  it  here,  as  well. 

2.  Interesting  questions  for  club,  high  school,  and  col¬ 
legiate  debates  will  be  found  in  taking  up  the  compara¬ 
tive  effectiveness  of  proposed  solutions. 

3.  A  survey  course  of  instruction  in  American  Social 
Conditions  adaptable  to  varied  institutions  can  be  based 


The  Labor  Problem 


7 


on  the  material  here  furnished  together  with  like  ma¬ 
terial  upon  other  problems  appearing  in  parallel  form. 

4.  It  is  especially  adaptable  to  use  in  civic  organiza¬ 
tions,  social  settlement  clubs,  betterment  leagues,  labor 
unions,  Y.  M.  C.  A.  classes,  granges,  men’s  clubs  in 
churches,  business  men’s  associations,  and  men’s  clubs  in 
general,  where  the  basis  for  a  constructive  study  of  the 
problem  is  desired.  For  such  organizations  and  for  So¬ 
cial  Problems  Groups  where  rapidity  of  treatment  is  de¬ 
sired,  one  meeting  should  be  given  to  each  of  the  main 
topics  under  the  problem  and  to  each  of  the  main  lines 
of  solution. 

Many  groups  will  prefer  to  make  a  more  thorough 
consideration  of  the  problem  which  is  of  course  highly 
desirable. 


The  Labor  Problem 


The  “Labor  Problem  ’  has  to  do  with  the  frictions 
which  arise  between  employers  and  employees,  with  the 
evils  in  the  working  conditions  of  the  wage  earning 
classes,  and,  from  the  point  of  view  of  public  interest, 
with  the  improvement  of  these  conditions.  Many  kinds 
of  difficulties  are  included  in  it,  specific  questions  of 
the  terms  of  employment,  and  general  questions  of  pub¬ 
lic  welfare,  questions  both  economic  and  social.  They 
are  sometimes  simple  matters  to  be  adjusted  between 
an  employer  and  his  employees,  sometimes  complex  and 
far  reaching  problems  which  involve  the  nation,  such  as 
the  coal  strike  of  1902.  They  have  sprung  from  the 
rapid  development  of  modern  industry  and  the  many 
transformations  which  it  has  wrought. 

This  development  has  been  phenomenal  for  the  inven¬ 
tion  of  new  machinery  and  methods,  for  the  extreme  con¬ 
centration  in  the  hands  of  a  few  of  the  powers  of  indus¬ 
trial  control,  and  for  the  enormous  increase  in  the  size  of 
the  output.  The  factory  system,  with  highly  complex  and 
costly  machinery,  has  become  general  and  the  wages  sys¬ 
tem  universal.  Work  in  the  factories  has  been  subdi¬ 
vided  among  many  workers  and  the  piece  work  system 
of  payment  widely  introduced.  With  the  enlargement  of 


The  Labor  Problem 


9 


the  output  have  come  widening  markets,  sharper  competi¬ 
tion,  and  much  higher  capitalization.  In  some  industries 
an  aggregation  of  capital  has  made  possible  the  combina¬ 
tion  of  a  number  of  factories  under  one  management,  and 
the  defeat  of  small  competitors  by  a  practical  control  of 
the  market. 

As  industry  becomes  more  highly  centralized,  and  the 
corporation  replaces  the  individual  employer,  the  per¬ 
sonal  connection  between  employer  and  employee  is  lost. 
The  worker’s  individuality,  his  bargaining  power,  and  the 
sense  of  his  personal  value  are  often  lost  with  it.  The 
pace  at  which  the  machines  are  run  has  been  speeded  up 
and  this  has  forced  a  sharper  intensity  of  exertion  which 
results  in  shortening  the  working  period  of  the  wage 
earner’s  life.  The  organization  of  industry  gathers  the 
workers  into  factory  towns  and  districts  where  women 
and  children  often  work  in  the  mills.  As  free  land  in  the 
West  has  gradually  disappeared,  the  status  of  the  workers 
in  American  life  has  grown  more  definitely  fixed.  “Once 
a  wage  earner,  always  a  wage  earner,”  is  coming  to  be 
true.  Unskilled,  immigrant,  and  casual  laborers  have  in¬ 
creased  in  number  rapidly. 

The  development  of  modern  industry  has  not  failed  to 
bring  benefits  to  employees  as  well  as  to  employers,  and 
yet  grievous  conditions  exist  in  many  localities  and  forms 
of  work.  The  Pittsburgh  Survey  has  shown  the  preva¬ 
lence  of  the  twelve  hour  day  and  the  seven  day  week  un¬ 
der  conditions  of  great  strain  and  liability  to  accident  in 
the  manufacture  of  iron  and  steel.  The  investigation  of 
the  Chicago  Stock  yards  revealed  a  condition  so  unsani¬ 
tary  as  to  shock  the  nation  and  a  labor  situation  well  nigh 
intolerable,  despite  the  enormous  profits  accruing  from 


10 


American  Social  Studies 


the  business.  The  misery  of  the  lives  of  sweat-shop  and 
tenement  workers  in  the  great  cities,  especially  of  women 
and  children  under  the  sweating  system  can  hardly  be 
over-stated.  Their  hours  are  measured  by  the  limits  of 
human  endurance  and  their  pay  by  the  dire  necessities  of 
abject  poverty.  The  annual  average  of  8000  workers 
maimed  and  2000  killed  in  the  coal  mines  is  a  sufficient 
indication  of  the  danger  in  the  miner’s  life.  It  is  esti¬ 
mated  that  a  total  of  500,000  workers  were  killed  or  in¬ 
jured  during  1908,  in  American  industry,  not  counting 
deaths  or  illness  due  to  occupational  diseases.  The  more 
dangerous  forms  of  work  must  always  be  done  at  a  hu¬ 
man  sacrifice,  but  a  large  proportion  of  present  accidents 
could  be  prevented  by  the  use  of  machinery  guards, 
safety  appliances,  and  suitable  precautions.  Notwith¬ 
standing  the  steady  improvement  of  conditions  in  many 
industries,  there  is  still  an  enormous  amount  of  entirely 
needless  injury  and  reckless  waste  of  human  life. 

Unemployment  is  one  of  the  most  complex  questions  in 
the  Labor  Problem.  It  is  most  grievous  in  times  of  busi¬ 
ness  depression,  but  even  in  a  normal  condition  of  the  la¬ 
bor  market  there  are  large  numbers  of  unemployed  who 
must  act  as  the  reserve  force  of  the  industrial  army. 
Unemployment  is  traceable  in  some  cases  to  personal  de¬ 
fects,  to  sickness,  accidents,  or  vicious  habits ;  in  others  to 
social  causes,  to  seasonal  trades,  commercial  depressions, 
an  irregular  supply  of  work,  the  introduction  of  new  ma¬ 
chinery,  or  an  over-supply  of  immigrant  labor.  It  varies 
greatly,  but  is  always  imminent  in  the  average  wage  earn¬ 
er’s  life.  Hon.  Carroll  D.  Wright  said  for  Massachus¬ 
etts  for  the  year  1895-6:  “ About  one-third  of  the  total 
number  of  persons  engaged  in  remunerative  labor  were 


The  Labor  Problem 


11 


unemployed  at  their  principal  occupation  about  one-third 
of  the  working  time.”  The  full  import  of  this  bare  state¬ 
ment,  which  is  not  far  from  a  safe  generalization  for  the 
country,  can  only  be  reckoned  in  terms  of  the  hunger, 
sickness,  misery,  and  gloom,  which  haunt  the  lives  of 
those  who  live  on  the  narrow  border  lands  of  destitution. 

The  conditions  of  women’s  labor  and  child  labor  de¬ 
serve  especial  study.  The  increasing  entrance  of  women 
into  industry  to  tend  machines,  and  to  do  the  lighter 
forms  of  work,  many  of  which  were  formerly  done  in  the 
home,  lias  a  tendency  to  reduce  the  wages  of  men.  Com¬ 
petition  frequently  exists  between  them,  and  women  are 
willing  to  work  for  less.  This  tends  to  set  up  a  reduced 
wage  scale,  based  on  the  work  of  two  or  more  members 
of  the  family,  instead  of  one.  The  physical  endowment 
of  women  makes  them  far  more  susceptible  than  men  to 
the  increasing  strain  of  industry.  They  are  more  diffi¬ 
cult  to  unite  for  common  ends,  and  are  less  powerful  to 
resist  oppression.  Their  conditions  need  to  be  especially 
safe-guarded  for  health  and  morality,  but  are  often  thor¬ 
oughly  bad  in  these  respects,  with  wages  low,  and  hours 
excessive.  Laundries,  breweries,  department  stores,  and 
contractors  in  the  clothing  trade  are  often  among  the 
chief  offenders.  The  protection  of  public  health,  safety, 
morals,  and  the  general  welfare  are  involved  in  these  con¬ 
ditions,  for  the  fundamental  institutions  of  motherhood, 
home,  and  healthy  offspring  are  threatened. 

A  million  American  children,  under  fourteen  years  of 
age,  are  wage  earners,  according  to  reliable  estimates. 
They  are  employed  in  coal  mines,  southern  cotton  mills, 
glass  factories,  the  street  trades,  and  in  many  other  ways. 
In  no  other  phase  is  American  industry  so  ruthless  of  hu- 


12 


American  Social  Studies 


man  life.  It  is  not  only  a  blot  upon  the  national  honor, 
but  a  frightful  moral  and  economic  waste.  Child  labor 
is  closely  related  as  one  of  the  causes,  to  casual  labor  and 
unemployment,  for  when  vitality  is  burned  out  in  child¬ 
hood  a  weak  and  shiftless  maturity  inevitably  results. 

Throughout  the  present  system  of  industry  there  runs 
a  line  of  demarcation  between  the  interests  of  the  em¬ 
ployer  and  the  employee.  The  conflict  for  larger  shares 
in  the  product  of  industry  between  these  two  sets  of  in¬ 
terests  reveals  itself  in  the  labor  problem.  While  the  em¬ 
ployer  is  dependent  upon  the  employee  for  his  success, 
his  larger  resources  give  him  a  more  stable  position  and 
place  him  on  a  vantage  ground  in  the  struggle.  His  in¬ 
terests  are  primarily  financial.  He  must  maintain  a  sur¬ 
plus  of  income  over  outgo.  Competition  forces  him  to 
buy  so  low,  to  manufacture  so  economically  and  to  sell  his 
product  at  such  a  price  that  he  can  make  a  reasonable 
profit.  He  must  reckon  on  fluctuations  in  supply  and  de¬ 
mand  in  their  effect  upon  costs  and  prices,  on  deprecia¬ 
tion  in  plant,  and  on  various  other  contingencies.  These 
factors  largely  determine  his  attitude  toward  hours, 
wages,  and  conditions  of  labor.  He  necessarily  looks  up¬ 
on  labor  as  one  item  in  a  complex  situation  and  comes  to 
treat  it  as  a  commodity. 

The  employee,  on  the  other  hand,  brings  to  the  employer 
his  chief  possession,  his  labor  power.  His  own  welfare 
and  that  of  his  family  depend  upon  it.  His  entire  life  is 
vitally  concerned  in  his  labor  contract,  and  in  the  supply 
of  work.  This  determines  his  point  of  view,  for  the  la¬ 
bor  struggle  means  to  him  all  the  higher  values  of  life, 
the  chance  to  develop  mind  and  heart  in  a  worthy  home, 
education  for  his  family,  and  the  means  of  spiritual  up- 


The  Labor  Problem 


13 


lift.  He  naturally  seeks  wages,  hours,  and  working  con¬ 
ditions  which  will  insure  him  a  large  return  for  his  effort 
without 'impairment  of  his  working  power. 

While  there  is  no  necessary  hostility  between  labor  and 
capital,  as  such,  these  divided  interests  of  employers  and 
employees  have  rendered  industrial  strife  inevitable. 
When  grievances  arise  and  friendly  negotiations  fail,  the 
weapons  most  frequently  used  are  strikes  and  lockouts, 
blacklists  and  boycotts.  In  the  strike  the  employees  unite 
to  stop  work,  without  relinquishing  their  positions,  in  the 
attempt  to  improve  their  conditions  of  labor,  usually  to 
secure  higher  wages,  shorter  hours  or  the  right  to  bar¬ 
gain  collectively. 

The  lockout  is  the  counterpart  of  the  strike  and  occurs 
when  the  employer  shuts  out  his  employees  because  of 
their  refusal  to  work  under  conditions  which  he  dictates. 
Many  strikes  are  in  essence  lockouts  because  the  em¬ 
ployer,  instead  of  suspending  work,  makes  a  condition  so 
hard  that  it  virtually  forces  a  strike.  The  boycott  occurs 
when  measures  are  taken  to  deprive  the  employer  of  cus¬ 
tomers,  or  of  materials  necessary  to  his  business.  The 
blacklist,  on  the  other  hand,  is  sometimes  used  by  employ¬ 
ers  to  follow  up  and  debar  from  employment  at  their 
trade,  men  who  have  incurred  their  displeasure  through 
activity  in  strikes,  or  for  other  reasons. 

It  is  impossible  to  make  generalizations  of  value  in  re¬ 
gard  to  the  present  conditions  of  industrial  conflict  upon 
the  basis  of  the  labor  situation  as  a  whole.  It  must  be 
studied  feature  by  feature  and  industry  by  industry,  with 
close  regard  to  local  conditions,  and  the  industrial  system 
involved.  Side  by  side  with  the  factory  system  exist 
relics  of  the  gild  system,  the  merchant-capitalist  system, 


14 


American  Social  Studies 


and  the  middleman-contractor  or  sweating  system. 
Conditions  vary  greatly  in  different  localities  for  the  same 
industry,  and  in  the  same  locality  for  different  industries. 
The  problem  may  seem  to  be  acute  where  warfare  is  ag¬ 
gressively  waged,  and  yet  conditions  be  worse  where 
there  is  little  sign  of  strife.  Many  factors  enter  in  as 
elements  of  variation.  The  personal  attitudes  of  em- 
polyers  and  employees,  their  comparative  strength  of 
organization,  the  kinds  of  grievances,  the  methods  em¬ 
ployed  in  enforcing  demands  or  adjusting  grievances,  the 
general  conditions  of  prosperity  or  depression, — these 
and  other  factors  enter  in  to  vary  the  intensity  of  friction. 

The  Labor  Problem  admits  of  no  simple  solution.  It 
is  apparent  that  no  single  form  of  effort  is  applicable  to 
the  wide  variety  of  difficulties  involved.  A  vast  and 
many-sided  human  problem  necessitates  a  multiple  solu¬ 
tion.  The  ideal  is  a  far  cry.  Its  achievement  will  be  a 
long  drawn  struggle.  Accurate  justice,  industrial  de¬ 
mocracy,  and  perfect  adjustments  will  only  be  approached 
by  many  and  varied  efforts,  some  coercive  and  some  gen¬ 
erous.  The  human  touch  and  a  fair  consideration  by  em¬ 
ployers  and  employees,  each  for  the  interests  of  the  other, 
are  perhaps  the  most  pressing  needs. 

Employers’  associations  and  labor  unions  are  not  or¬ 
ganized  for  the  fundamental  solution  of  the  problem,  but 
rather,  to  secure  larger  shares  of  the  product  of  industry. 
They  have  each  relied  less  upon  moral  suasion  than  upon 
the  power  of  business  compulsion.  Employees  have  or¬ 
ganized  more  widely  than  employers  in  order  to  overcome 
the  natural  handicap  against  them.  Nearly  all  labor 
unions  have  their  national  organizations  which  are  joined 
in  the  American  Federation  of  Labor,  representing  nearly 


The  Labor  Problem 


15 


2,000,000  workers.  The  national  organizations  help  to 
unify  trade  consciousness,  to  standardize  conditions  of 
competition,  and  to  lend  reliability  to  trade  agreements. 
‘The  right  of  working  men  to  combine,  and  to  form 
trade  unions,”  says  Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie,  “is  no  less  sa¬ 
cred  than  the  right  of  the  manufacturer  to  enter  into  as¬ 
sociations  and  conferences  with  his  fellows.  My  experi¬ 
ence  has  been  that  trade  unions,  upon  the  whole,  are  bene¬ 
ficial  to  both  labor  and  capital.”  The  unions  put  their 
greatest  emphasis  upon  a  reduction  in  the  number  of 
hours  to  meet  the  nervous  strain,  upon  higher  wages  to 
meet  the  greater  cost  of  living,  and  upon  the  right  to  col¬ 
lective  bargaining,  which  includes  the  right  of  associa¬ 
tion,  free  speech,  and  the  refusal  to  work  with  non-mem¬ 
bers. 

Welfare  work  has  been  undertaken  by  many  employers 
on  behalf  of  their  employees.  Lunch  and  rest  rooms, 
schools,  hospitals,  libraries,  and  the  like,  have  frequently 
been  provided,  together  with  a  social  secretary  to  repre¬ 
sent  the  employer.  Pensions  and  sickleave  are  sometimes 
granted.  The  results  of  welfare  work  have  been  both 
promising  and  disappointing.  It  has  smacked  of  charity 
rather  than  justice  in  some  establishments,  and  often  been 
used  as  a  cloak  to  cover  industrial  evils.  Profit  sharing 
has  met  similar  difficulties  and  been  treated  with  suspi¬ 
cion  where  the  books  of  the  company  are  not  open  to  in¬ 
spection.  Many  labor  unions  have  developed  educational 
and  social  features,  and  insurance  benefits  against  sick¬ 
ness,  accident,  and  unemployment. 

The  trade  agreement,  which  is,  perhaps,  the  most  hope¬ 
ful  form  of  joint  effort  for  the  achievement  of  industrial 
peace,  is  based  upon  collective  bargaining.  In  it  the  or- 


16 


American  Social  Studies 


ganized  workers  are  able  to  bargain  on  equal  terms  with 
their  employers.  It  is  illustrated  on  a  large  scale  in  the 
agreements  which  have  been  made  between  the  United 
Mine  Workers  of  America  and  the  mine  owners  of  the 
North  Central  states.  Conciliation  usually  involves  the 
entrance  of  a  third  party  into  a  labor  dispute  and  the  ad¬ 
justment  of  difficulties  through  the  offices  of  one  not  per¬ 
sonally  familiar  with  the  details  of  the  business.  Arbi¬ 
tration  may  be  voluntary  or  legal  and  enters  the  field  af¬ 
ter  the  contending  parties  have  shown  themselves  unable 
to  come  to  an  agreement.  It  renders  authoritative  de¬ 
cisions. 

Among  the  idealistic  proposals  affecting  the  labor  prob¬ 
lem,  the  socialist  movement  in  its  various  forms  is  the 
most  conspicuous.  It  conceives  the  class  conflict  as 
fundamental  and  inevitable  in  the  present  order.  It  sees 
a  single  line  of  solution  in  the  elimination  of  private  prop¬ 
erty  from  industry  and  aims  at  the  common  ownership  of 
the  raw  materials,  the  tools  and  the  product.  It  holds 
that  when  capitalism  is  eliminated,  conflicting  interests 
will  be  abolished,  and  the  problems  of  industry  be  solved. 

A  more  practical  idealism,  however,  points  to  the  re¬ 
form  of  present  abuses  through  a  long  drawn  battle  for 
justice  within  the  ranks  of  industry,  through  an  arousal 
of  public  opinion  to  the  nature  and  extent  of  existing 
evils,  through  many  and  varied  social  reforms,  through 
the  institutions  which  make  for  the  social  and  moral  up¬ 
lift  of  the  people,  and  through  the  power  of  labor  legisla¬ 
tion. 

The  public  enters  the  problem  as  an  organized  force  in 
labor  legislation.  The  regulation  of  conditions  by  law  is 
most  needed  where  labor  organizations  are  undeveloped 


The  Labor  Problem 


17 


or  weak.  Constitutional  objections  have  arisen  in  several 
states  and  under  the  federal  constitution,  but  this  legisla¬ 
tion  is  upheld  on  the  ground  of  the  police  power  of  the 
state  which  includes  the  protection  of  the  safety,  morals, 
and  welfare  of  the  public.  The  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  has  made  plain  that  the  state  legislatures 
may  reasonably  regulate  the  hours  of  labor  for  men  as 
well  as  women  wherever  health  is  endangered.  The  chief 
objects  toward  which  legislation  has  been  directed  are  the 
limitation  of  hours,  the  protection  of  women  and  chil¬ 
dren,  the  improvement  of  sanitary  conditions,  protection 
from  dangerous  machinery,  and  thorough  factory  inspec¬ 
tion.  An  increasingly  enlightened  public  conscience  is 
thus  making  itself  effective. 

Much  is  being  accomplished  by  reform  organizations 
which  bring  hidden  conditions  to  light,  focus  attention 
upon  them,  stir  public  opinion,  and  help  to  correct  abuses. 
The  Association  for  Labor  Legislation  seeks  to  secure  the 
passage  of  uniform  laws  in  the  various  states.  The  Na¬ 
tional  Child  Labor  Committee  aims  at  the  overthrow  of 
child  labor.  The  Women’s  Trade  Union  League  seeks  to 
improve  the  conditions  of  women  workers  by  forming 
and  fostering  trade  unions  among  them.  The  Consum¬ 
ers’  League  seeks  to  increase  the  demand  for  goods  made 
under  clean  and  healthful  conditions.  These  and  many 
other  agencies  are  at  work  to  improve  the  relations  be¬ 
tween  employers  and  employees,  to  overthrow  industrial 
evils,  and  to  improve  the  working  and  living  conditions 
of  the  wage  earning  classes. 


2 


IS 


American  Social  Studies 


Grateful  acknowledgment  is  here  made  to  Professor 
Richard  T.  Ely,  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  author  of 
“The  Labor  Movement  in  America,”  etc.,  who  has  revised 
and  approved  the  following  bibliography;  to  Miss  Ellen 
Isabel  True,  class  of  1908,  of  the  Wisconsin  Library 
School,  who  prepared  it  in  fulfillment  of  the  requirements 
of  graduation ;  to  the  Wisconsin  Library  Commission  for 
the  loan  of  the  type  employed  in  its  own  publication  of 
this  bibliography  (American  Social  Questions,  Number 
3)  ;  and  to  Miss  Mary  Emogene  Hazeltine,  Preceptor  of 
the  Wisconsin  Library  School,  for  her  valued  assistance 
in  the  preparation  of  this  study. 


The  Labor  Problem 


General  Bibliography 


Books 

Adams,  T.  S.  Labor  problems:  a  textbook,  by  T.  S.  Adams  and 
H.  L.  Sumner.  Macmillan,  1905.  $1.60. 

A  concrete  presentation  of  facts,  devised  for  use  as  a  text  book 
and  forms  an  excellent  basis  of  study.  ’ 

Bliss,  W.  D.  P.  ed.  New  encyclopedia  of  social  reform.  Punk 
1908.  $7.50.  ’ 

Affords  material  on  all  phases  of  social  life  and  reform. 

Bolen,  G.  L.  Getting  a  living:  the  problem  of  wealth  and  pov¬ 
erty,  of  profits,  wages,  and  trade  unionism.  Macmillan, 
1903.  $2. 

A  mine  of  information,  good  for  the  special  student  as  well  as  the 
general  reader.  All  sides  and  phases  of  the  problem  considered. 

Brooks,  J.  G.  Social  unrest:  studies  in  labor  and  socialist 
movements.  Macmillan,  1904.  25c. 

A  genial  study  by  a  candid  friend  of  all  parties  in  the  labor  world 
It  is  stimulating  and  suggestive. 

Buchanan,  J.  R.  Story  of  a  labor  agitator.  Macmillan,  1908. 
$1. 25. 

A  vivid  account  of  the  life  of  a  labor  leader  who  was  an  active  par¬ 
ticipant  m  the  labor  troubles  from  1880-1890. 

Commons,  J.  R.  ed.  Trade  unionism  and  labor  problems 
Ginn,  1905.  $2.50. 

Chiefly  extracts  from  economic  journals.  It  aims  to  supplement 
a  text  book  in  a  course  of  study,  and  each  chapter  illustrates  a 
single  definite  phase  of  the  subject. 

Ely,  R.  T.  Labor  movement  in  America,  Macmillan,  1905 
$1.25. 

An  authoritative  work.  Presents  a  moderate  and  well  balanced 
point  of  view. 

Hapgood,  Hutchins.  Spirit  of  labor.  Duffield,  1907.  $1.50. 

Aims  to  give  an  idea  of  conditions  underlying  the  labor  situation, 
by  describing  the  lactual  life  of  a  laboring  man.  Full  of  local  color 
and  interest.  Scene  is  laid  in  Chicago, 


20 


American  Social  Studies 


Kelley,  Florence.  Some  ethical  gains  through  legislation. 
Macmillan,  1905.  $1.25  (Citizen’s  library  of  economics, 

politics  and  sociology). 

Result  of  personal  experience  and  expert  knowledge.  Good  read¬ 
ing  and  valuable  to  the  student.  Shows  what  labor  laws  have  and 
have  not  effected. 

Kellor,  F.  A.  Out  of  work:  a  study  of  employment  agencies; 
their  treatment  of  the  unemployed,  and  their  influence 
upon  home  and  business.  Putnam,  1904.  $1.25. 

Deals  chiefly  with  employment  agencies,  but  throws  light  upon 
labor  conditions  in  general. 

Levasseur,  P.  E.  American  workman.  Baltimore,  Johns  Hop¬ 
kins  Press,  1901.  $3. 

Offers  a  foreign  view  of  American  labor  conditions,  and  definite 
information  in  a  scientific  yet  readable  way. 

Mitchell,  John.  Organized  labor:  its  problems,  purposes  and 
ideals,  and  the  present  and  future  of  American  wage  earn¬ 
ers.  American  Book  &  Bible  House,  1903.  $1.75. 

A  statement  of  labor  views  on  all  mooted  questions  from  the 
laborer’s  point  of  view. 

New  international  encyclopedia.  Dodd,  1902-04.  See  artiole 
on  Labor. 

The  material  on  labor  was  edited  largely  under  the  direction  of 
Professor  R.  T.  Ely  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin. 

Peters,  J.  P.  ed.  Labor  and  capital:  a  discussion  of  the  rela¬ 
tions  of  employer  and  employed.  Putnam,  1902.  $1.50. 

(Questions  of  the  day  series). 

A  symposium  of  the  opinions  of  prominent  business  men  and  labor 
leaders  on  the  questions  of  trusts,  unions,  arbitration,  etc. 

Smith,  S.  G.  Industrial  conflict:  a  series  of  chapters  on  pres¬ 
ent  day  conditions.  Revell,  1907.  $1. 

Gives  in  a  concise  way  the  demands  of  the  employer  and  the  de¬ 
mands  of  the  employee. 

Webb,  Sidney.  Industrial  democracy,  by  Sidney  Webb  and 
Mrs.  B.  P.  Webb.  Longmans,  1902.  $4. 

Trade  unions  from  the  English  standpoint:  The  illustrations  are 
all  English,  but  it  forms  a  foundation  work,  and  supplies  valuable 
material  on  the  trade  union  problem. 

Wright,  C.  D.  Some  ethical  phases  of  the  labor  question.  Bos¬ 
ton,  American  Unitarian  Association,  1902.  $1. 

Not  a  broad  discussion  of  the  labor  problem,  but  gives  concrete 
applications  of  ethics  to  social  problems. 


The  Labor  Problem 


21 


1 .  The  distinctive  developments  of  American  industry 

Books 

Adams,  T.  S.  Labor  problem  and  its  genesis  (in  Adams,  T.  S. 
and  Sumner,  H.  L.  Labor  problems.  1905.  p.  3-15). 

Bliss,  W.  D.  P.  New  encyclopedia  of  social  reform.  1908.  See 
articles  on  Factory  system,  United  States. 

Bolen,  G.  L.  Man  with  the  hoe  (in  his  Getting  a  livinq.  1903. 
p.  658-74). 

Brooks,  J.  G.  Social  unrest.  1904.  See  chapters  on  Some  gen¬ 
eralities,  p.  17-45;  Social  unrest,  p.  68-106;  Social  question 
and  its  economic  influence,  p.  107-144;  Inevitableness  of 
the  social  question,  p.  144-67. 

Ely,  R.  T.  Labor  movement  in  America.  1905.  See  chapters 
on  Survey  of  the  field,  p.  1-6;  Remedies,  p.  319-32. 

Levasseur,  P.  E.  Progress  of  American  industry  in  the  last 
fifty  years  (in  his  American  icorkman.  1901.  p.  1-103). 

Mitchell,  John.  Organized  labor.  1903.  See  chapters  on  La¬ 
bor  unorganized,  p.  12-16;  Trade  unionism:  product  of 
modern  industry,  p.  17-22;  Oppression  of  labor  under  the 
factory  system,  p.  23-31;  Labor  in  the  American  colonies, 
p.  51-65;  Organized  labor  before  and*  since  the  Civil  war, 
p.  66-74. 

New  international  encyclopedia.  See  articles  on  Labor  prob¬ 
lems,  Factory  system. 

Smith,  S.  G.  Problem  stated  (in  his  Industrial  conflict.  1907. 
p.  7-14). 

Strong,  Josiah.  Duel  or  duet  (in  Peters,  J.  P.  ed.  Ijabor  and 
capital.  1902.  p.  13-21). 

Wright,  C.  D.  Some  ethical  phases  of  the  labor  question.  1902. 
See  chapters  on  Relation  of  political  economy  to  the  labor 
question,  p.  25-77;  The  factory  as  an  element  in  civiliza¬ 
tion,  p.  81-157. 

Periodicals 

Brooks,  J.  G.  Trade  unions  and  democracy.  Outlook,  Nov.  17, 
1906,  v.  84,  p.  669-74. 

Gives  the  spirit  of  the  times. 

Clark,  J.  B.  Recollections  of  the  20th  century.  Atlantic,  Jan. 
1902,  v.  89,  p.  4-16. 

A  statement  of  the  history  of  industrial  reform  and  the  issues  yet 
to  be  settled. 


22 


American  Social  Studies 


Ely,  R.  T.  Psychical  forces  of  industry.  International  Quar¬ 
terly,  July  1905,  v.  11,  p.  301-15. 

Points  out  some  problems  of  to-day,  and  the  need  of  controlling' 
monopolies. 

Ghent,  W.  J.  American  workman’s  “Golden  age.”  Forum, 
Aug.  1901,  v.  31,  p.  688-97. 

Brief  summary  of  the  history  of  American  industry,  showing 
gradual  improvement  of  conditions. 

Lincoln,  J.  T.  Average  citizen  and  the  labor  problem.  Out¬ 
look,  Aug.  17,  1907,  v.  86,  p.  811-16. 

Humanizes  interest  in  the  labor  problem. 

London,  Jack.  Class  struggle.  Independent,  Nov.  5,  1903,  v. 
55,  p.  2603-10. 

A  statement  of  industrial  and  social  conflict  from  the  radical 
standpoint. 

Robbins,  Hayes.  Personal  factor  in  the  labor  problem.  Atlan¬ 
tic,  June  1907,  v.  99,  p.  729-36. 

.--SSj  Urges  a  better  understanding  between  employer  and  employee. 

Scuddear,  V.  D.  Hidden  weakness  in  our  democracy.  Atlantic, 
May  1902,  v.  89,  p.  638-44. 

Points  out  some  of  the  evils  of  present  day  conditions. 

Wright,  C.  D.  Industrial  changes  since  1893.  World’s  Work, 
Aug.  1901,  v.  2,  p.  1107-11. 

Summary  of  industrial  conditions. 


2.  American  labor  under  aggravated  conditions 

a.  General 


Books 

Commons,  J.  R.  ed.  Trade  unionism  and  labor  problems.  1905. 
See  chapters  on  Labor  conditions  in  slaughtering  and  meat 
packing,  p.  222-49 ;  Slavs  in  coal  mining,  p.  336-48. 

Sullivan,  J.  W.  Printer’s  health  (in  Commons,  J.  R.  ed.  Trade 
unionism  and  labor  problems.  1905.  p.  435-53). 

Periodicals 

Hard,  William.  Labor  in  the  Chicago  stock  yards.  Outlook, 
June  16,  1906,  v.  83,  p.  366-73. 

General  conditions  of  this  district  described  with  some  considera¬ 
tion  of  prospects  for  improvement. 

Miner’s  story.  Independent,  June  12,  1902,  v.  54,  p.  1407-10. 

Story  of  a  miner’s  life  written  by  one  who  has  worked  in  mines 
from  his  boyhood. 


I 


The  Labor  Problem 


23 


Mitchsll,  John.  Mine  worker’s  life  and  aims.  Cosmopolitan, 
Oct.  1901,  v.  31,  p.  623-30. 

Surroundings  and  environments  of  miners  described  with  a  short 
history  of  their  industrial  conflicts. 

Pittsburgh  Survey.  Charities  and  the  Commons,  Jan.  2,  Feb. 
6,  and  March  6,  1909,  v.  21,  p.  499-640,  769-950,  1035-1194. 

These  three  numbers  of  Charities  are  devoted  to  a  presentation  of 
the  findings  of  the  Pittsburgh  Survey  as  to  the  conditions  of  life  and 
labor  of  the  wage  earners  of  the  American  steel  district. 

Porter,  H.  F.  J.  Industrial  betterment  in  the  iron  and  steel  in¬ 
dustry.  Cassier,  June  1901,  v.  20,  p.  153-56. 

Believes  the  satisfactory  adjustment  of  the  wage  scale  the  one 
thing  necessary  to  improve  conditions. 

Reeve,  A.  B.  Death  roll  of  industry.  Charities  and  the  Com¬ 
mons,  Feb.  2,  1907,  v.  17,  p.791-807. 

Shows  the  tremendous  loss  of  life  in  the  industrial  world. 

Russel,  C.  E.  Gravity  yard  and  other  shambles.  Independent, 

Jan.  30,  1908,  v.  64,  p.  233-38. 

Pictures  some  of  the  conditions  under  which  so  many  railroad 
employees  are  killed  each  year. 

Thompson,  C.  W.  Labor  in  the  packing1  industry.  Journal  of 
Political  Economy,  Feb.  1907,  v.  15,  p.  88-107. 

Deals  with  laborers  in  the  Union  stock  yards  of  Chicago.  Gives 
also  the  policies  of  the  international  union. 

Warne,  F.  J.  Miner  and  operator:  a  study  of  labor  conditions 
in  the  anthracite  coal  fields.  Outlook,  March  24,1906,  v.82, 
p.  643-56. 

A  descriptive  article  by  one  who  has  made  a  study  of  mining 
industries. 


b.  The  sweat-shops 

Books 

Bliss,  W.  D.  P.  New  encyclopedia  of  social  reform.  1908.  See 
article  on  Sweat-shops. 

Bolen,  G.  L.  Public’s  part  in  uplifting  wage  earners  (in  his  Get¬ 
ting  a  living.  1903.  p.  500-22). 

Commons,  J.  R.  Sweating  system  in  the  clothing  trade  (in  his 
Trade  unionism  and  labor  problems.  1905.  p.  316-35). 

Kelley,  Florence.  Some  ethical  gains  through  legislation.  1905. 
See  chapters  on  Rights  of  purchasers,  p.  209-28;  Rights  of 
purchasers  and  the  courts,  p.  229-55. 

New  international  encyclopedia.  See  articles  on  Consumers’ 
league,  Sweating  system. 


24 


American  Social  Studies 


Sumner,  H.  L.  Sweating’  system  (in  Adams,  T.  S.  and  Sumner, 
H.  L.  Labor  'problems .  1905.  p.  113-41). 

Webb,  Sidney.  Parasitic  trades,  by  Sidney  Webb  and  Mrs.  B.  P, 
Webb  (in  their  Industrial  democracy.  1902.  p.  749-66). 

Periodicals 

Daniel,  A.  S.  Wreck  of  the  home:  how  wearing  apparel  is  fash¬ 
ioned  in  the  tenements.  Charities,  April  1,  1905,  v.  14,  p. 
624-29. 

Concise  description  of  conditions  in  the  east  side  tenement  district 
of  New  York. 

McLean,  A.  M.  Sweatshop  in  summer.  American  Journal  of 
Sociology,  Nov.  1903,  v.  9,  p.  289-309. 

Written  by  one  who  knew  from  experience  the  sweat-shop  condi¬ 
tions.  A  graphic  picture. 

Markham,  Edwin.  Sweat-shop  inferno.  Cosmopolitan,  Jan.  1907, 
v.  42,  p.  327-33. 

Describes  the  effect  of  the  sweat-shop  system  upon  the  children  of 
the  poor. 

Sanville,  F.  L.  Sweated  homes  in  Philadelphia.  Charities  and 
the  Commons,  Sept.  1,  1906,  v.  16,  p.  551-57. 

Shows  the  need  of  an  adequate  law  with  proper  means  for  its  en¬ 
forcement. 

c.  The  unemployed 

Books 

Adams,  T.  S.  Labor  jtroblems,  by  T.  S.  Adams  and  H.  L. 
Sumner.  1905.  See  chapters  on  Poverty,  earnings  and  un¬ 
employment,  p.  142-70;  Movement  of  unemployment,  p. 
519-25. 

Bliss,  W.  D.  P.  New  encyclopedia  of  social  reform.  1908.  See 
article  on  Unemployment. 

Bolen,  G.  L.  Getting  a  living.  1903.  See  chapters  on  Irregu¬ 
larity  of  employment,  p.  446-67;  Poor  and  unemployed,  p. 
600-26. 

Hunter,  Robert.  Poverty.  Grosset,  1907.  50c. 

Kellor,  F.  A.  Out  of  work.  1904. 

This  book  deals  with  the  subject  in  its  various  phases. 

New  international  encyclopedia.  See  article  on  Unemployment. 

Riis,  J.  A.  Unemployment:  a  problem  (in  Peters,  J.  P.  ed.  Labor 
and  capital.  1902.  p.  425-31). 

Webb,  Sidney.  Industrial  democracy,  by  Sidney  Webb  and  Mrs- 
B.  P.  Webb.  1902.  See  chapters  on  Continuity  of  employ 
ment,  p.  430-52;  Unemployable,  p.  784-95. 


The  Labor  Problem 


25 


Wheeler,  E.  P.  Education  of  the  worker  (in  Peters,  J.  P.  ed. 
Labor  and  capital.  1902.  p.  419-24). 

Willoughby,  W.  F.  Insurance  against  unemployment  (in  Com¬ 
mons,  J.  R.  ed.  Trade  unionism  and  labor  problems.  1905. 
p.  589-602). 


Periodicals 


Beveridge,  W.  H.  Unemployment  and  its  cure.  Contemporary 
Review.  April  1908,  v.  93,  p.  385-98. 

Suggests  labor  exchanges  as  a  remedy. 

Kellogg,  A.  P.  Man  out  of  work  to-day.  Review  of  Reviews, 

March  1908,  v.  37,  p.  336-39. 

Discusses  causes  and  attempts  to  organize  unemployed  labor 


Scott,  Leroy.  Need  any  man  lack  a  job?  World’s  Work,  Sept. 
1905,  v.  10,  p.  6660-64.  u  . 

A  statement  of  American  conditions.  The  author  holds  that  un- 
CU7  employment  is  the  result  of  a  bad  labor  system. 


3.  The  phases  of  industrial  warfare 

Strikes  and  lockouts,  blacklists  and  boycotts 

Books 

Adams,  T.  S.  Strikes  and  boycotts  (in  Adams,  T.  S.  and  Sum¬ 
ner,  H.  L.  Labor  problems.  1905.  p.  175-212). 

Bliss,  W.  D.  P.  New  encyclopedia  of  social  reform.  1908.  See 
’  articles  on  Boycotting,  Strikes  and  lockouts. 

Bolen,  G.  L.  Strikes,  lockouts  and  boycotting  (in  his  Getting  a 
living.  1903.  p.  196-253). 

Brooks,  J.  G.  Social  unrest.  1903.  See  chapters  on  Some  gener¬ 
alities,  p.  1-45;  Social  unrest,  p.  68-106. 

Buchanan,  J.  R.  Story  of  a  labor  agitator.  1903. 

Accurate  picture  of  strike  conditions. 

Ely,  R.  T.  Labor  movement  in  America.  1905.  See  chapters  on 
Other  aspects  of  labor  organizations,  p.  146-66;  Remedies, 
p.  295-303. 

Gompers,  Samuel.  Labor  unions  and  strikes  (in  Peters.  J.  P.  ed. 
Labor  and  capital.  1902.  p.  62-74). 

Lavasseur,  P.  E.  American  workman.  1901.  See  chapters  on 
The  strike,  p.  232-75;  Summary,  p.  462-64. 


26 


American  Social  Studies 


Mitchell,  John.  Organized  labor.  1903.  See  chapters  on 
Unionist  and  non  unionist,  p.  272-85;  Label  and  boycott, 
p.  286-98;  Labor  and  capital  at  war,  p.  299-315;  Proper 
conduct  of  a  strike,  p.  316-23;  Strike  versus  compul¬ 
sory  arbitration,  p.  337-54;  Coal  strike  of  1902,  p.  355-406. 

New  international  encyclopedia.  See  articles  on  Boycotting 
Strikes  and  lockouts. 


Periodicals 

Baker,  R.  S.  Reign  of  lawlessness.  McClure,  May  1904,  v  23 
p.  43-57.  J 

radodeSCl  iPti0n  °f  thS  gTeat  strike  in  the  mining-  districts  of  Colo- 


Right  to  work.  McClure,  Jan.  1903,  v.  20,  p.  323-36. 

A  statement  of  the  conditions  under  which  17,000  non-striking 
miners  worked. 


Grant,  Luke,  Walking  delegate.  Outlook,  Nov.  10,  1906  v 
84,  p.  615-21. 

A  defence  of  the  modern  walking  delegate. 

Industrial  mediaevalism.  Outlook,  July,  13,  1907,  v.  86,  p. 


A  criticism  of  striking  methods  of  settling  disputes. 


Rood.  H.  E.  Public  and  the  coal  conflict. 
Review,  Oct.  1905,  v.  181,  p,  603-15. 

Gives  the  standpoint  of  the  public  during 
particularly  against  union  methods  in  a  strike. 


North  American 
the  strike.  Aimed 


Scott,  Leroy.  Strikebreaking  as  a  new  occupation.  World’s 
Work,  May  1905,  v.  10,  p.  6199-204. 

Describes  the  methods  used  by  strike  breakers. 

Stevens,  J.  S.  Sympathetic  strike.  Independent,  June  25,  1903 
v.  55,  p.  1493-97. 

Points  out  the  dangers  of  the  sympathetic  strike. 


Tandy,  F.  D.  Strikes,  trusts,  boycotts,  and  the  black  list. 
Arena,  Feb.  1900,  v.  23,  p.  194-203. 

Defence  and  justification  of  the  strike  system. 

Winton,  A.  P.  Quarter  century  of  strikes.  Atlantic,  Oct 
1902,  v.  90,  p.  656-67. 

Takes  up  the  situation  as  a  whole.  Discusses  the  rights  of  the 
union  and  non-union  man.  s 


Wright,  C.  D.  Strikes  in  the  United  States.  North  American 
Review,  June  1902,  v.  174,  p.  757-68. 

History  of  strikes  with  statistics. 

Varros,  V.  S.  Union  versus  the  closed  shop.  Gunton,  Auc 
1903,  v.  25,  p  102-09. 

P  air  candid  view  of  the  strike  question. 


The  Labor  Problem 


27 


4.  The  employer’s  point  of  view 

Books 

Bliss,  W.  D.  P.  New  encyclopedia  of  social  reform.  1908 
See  article  on  Open  or  closed  shops. 

Bolen,  G.  L.  Getting  a  living.  1903.  See  cnapier  on  In¬ 
terests,  p.  36-49;  Employer  and  his  profits,  p,  50-66, 
Questionable  policies  of  trade  unions,  p.  254-98. 

Brooks,  J.  G.  Man  and'society  versus  machinery  (in  his  Social 
unrest.  1904.  p.  169-221). 

Mitchell,  John.  Organized  labor.  1903.  See  chapter  on  Re¬ 
striction  of  output,  p.  254-59;  Unions  and  trusts,  p.  195- 
204. 

Smith,  S.  G.  Industrial  conflict.  1907.  See  chapter  on  Letters 
from  employers,  p.  100-32;  Primary  demands  of  employers, 
p.  133-52;  Secondary  demands  of  employers,  p.  153-171. 


Periodicals 


Bascom,  John.  An  open  versus  a  closed  shop.  North  American 
Review,  Dec.  1902,  v.  180,  p.  912-17.  .  ,  .  . 

Fair  view  with  suggestion  of  the  establishment  of  a  judicial  t 
bune  to  decide  cases  in  question. 


Bolles,  A.  S.  Rights  and  methods  of  labor  organizations. 
North  American  Review,  March  1903,  v.  176,  p.  410-31. 

Presents  unions  from  the  employer’s  standpoint.  Cites  specihc 
examples. 

Bullock,  C.  J.  Closed  shop.  Atlantic,  Oct.  1904,  v.  94,  p. 


433-39. 

Points  out  the  dangers  of  the  closed  shop. 


Danger  of  trade  unions.  Outlook,  May  7,  1904,  v.  77,  p. 
H-14. 

Criticism  of  some  of  labor  union  methods. 

Do  unions  restrict  earnings?  Outlook,  May  30,  1903,  v.  74,  p. 
275-77. 

Views  of  four  manufacturers  on  this  point. 


Fair  minded  open  shop  employer.  World’s  Work,  Feb.  1906, 

'  Before  a  strike  of  the  book  compositors  in  New  ^ork,  Mr.  HiU  of 
the  Hill  Publishing  Co.,  issued  to  his  men  one  of  th 3  fa nest  state 
ments  yet  made  on  the  open  shop  side  of  the  controve  s> . 


Henderson,  C.  R.  Business  men  and  social  theorists.  Ameri¬ 
can  Journal  of  Sociology,  July  1896,  v.  1,  p.  38o-«.  7. 

Shows  the  position  of  the  business  man. 


28 


American  Social  Studies 


Lincoln,  J.  T.  Manufacturer’s  point  of  view.  Atlantic,  Sent. 
1906,  v.  98,  p.  289-95. 

Discusses  strikes  and  the  employer’s  attitude  towards  labor. 

Marcosson,  I.  F.  Fight  for  the  open  shop.  World’s  Work 
Dec.  1905,  v.  11,  p.  6955-65. 

Account  of  the  fight  of  Chicago  employers  for  the  open  shop. 

Open  shop.  Outlook,  July  16,  1904,  v.  77,  p.  630-33. 

Clear  explanation  of  the  issue  between  open  and  closed  shops  and 
the  question  of  free  unions. 

Pfahler,  W.  H.  Labor  unions  as  they  appear  to  an  employer. 
Annals  of  the  American  Academy,  July  1903,  v.  21,  p. 
46-54. 

An  attack  on  unions  entirely  from  the  employer’s  standpoint. 

Raymond,  R.  W.  Present  attitude  of  labor  in  the  United 
States.  Cassier,  Oct.  1903,  v.  24,  p.  549-52. 

Describes  employer’s  position  in  regard  to  unions. 


5.  The  employee’s  point  of  view 

a.  As  to  conditions  in  general 

Books 

Adams,  T.  S.  Material  progress  of  the  wage  earning  classes 
(In  Adams,  T.  S.  and  Sumner,  H.  L.  Labor  problems.  1905. 
p.  502-46). 

Brooks,  J.  G.  Social  unrest,  1903.  See  chapters  on  Social  un¬ 
rest,  p.  68-106;  Man  and  society  versus  machinery,  p.  169- 
221;  Master  passion  of  democracy,  p.  222-57. 

Buchanan,  J.  R.  Story  of  a  labor  agitator.  1903. 

Commons,  J.  R.  Causes  union  shop  policy  (in  American 
Economic  Association  publications.  1905.  3d  series  v  6 
p.  140-59).  '  ’ 

Hapgood,  Hutchins.  Spirit  of  labor.  1907. 

Kellor,  F.  A.  Out  of  work.  1904. 

Smith,  S.  G.  Letters  from  labor  leaders  (in  his  Industrial  con¬ 
flict.  1907.  p.  15-49). 

States  demands  of  laborers. 

Webb,  Sidney.  Industrial  democracy,  by  Sidney  Webb  and 
Mrs.  B.  P.  Webb.  1902.  See  chapters  on  Continuity  of 
employment,  p.  430-52;  Right  to  a  trade,  p,  508-27;  Impli¬ 
cations  of  trade  unionism,  p.  528-58;  Assumptions  of  trade 
unionism,  p.  559-99;  Device  of  restriction  of  numbers,  p. 
704-15;  Device  of  the  common  rule,  p.  715-49. 


The  Labor  Problem 


29 


Wright,  C.  D.  Factory  as  an  element  in  civilization  (in  his 
Some  ethical  phases  of  the  labor  question.  1902.  p.  81-157). 


b.  As  to  hours 

Books 

Adams,  T.  S.  Labor  problems.  By  T.  S.  Adams  and  H.  L. 
Sumner.  1905.  See  chapters  on  Hours  of  labor,  p.  259-62; 
Decrease  in  hours  of  labor,  p.  515-18. 

Bliss,  W.  D.  P.  New  encyclopedia  of  social  reform.  1908.  See 
articles  on  Eight  hour  day,  Hours  of  labor. 

Bolen,  G.  L.  Shorter  work  day  (in  his  Getting  a  living.  1903. 
p.  401-45). 

Kelley,  Florence.  Right  to  leisure  (in  her  Some  ethical  gains 
through  legislation.  1905.  p.  105-126). 

Mitchell,  John.  Day’s  work  (in  his  Organized  labor.  1903.  p. 
120-30). 

New  international  encyclopedia.  See  articles  on  Eight  hour 
day,  Labor  legislation. 

Smith,  S.  G.  Primary  demands  of  labor  (in  his  Industrial  con¬ 
vict.  1907.  p.  50-82). 

United  States  Industrial  Commission.  Hours  of  labor  (in  Com¬ 
mons,  J.  R.  ed.  Trade  unionism  and  labor  problems.  1905. 
p.  454-81). 

Webb,  Sidney.  Normal  day,  by  Sidney  Webb  and  Mrs.  B.  P. 
Webb  (in  their  Industrial  democracy.  1902.  p.  324-53). 

Periodicals 

Kelley,  Florence.  Legal  end  of  working  woman’s  day.  Chari¬ 
ties  and  the  Commons,  Dec.  4,  1906,  v.  17,  p.  553-54. 

Discussion  of  the  decision  of  the  New  York  courts  declaring  un¬ 
constitutional  the  law  prohibiting  the  employment  of  women  after 
9  p.  m. 

_  United  States  'supreme  court  and  the  Utah  eight  hour 

law.  American  Journal  of  Sociology,  July  1898,  v.  4,  p. 
21-34. 

A  discussion  of  the  supreme  court  decision  constituting  eight 
hours  a  legal  working  day  in  mines  and  smelters. 

Kleeck,  Mary  Van.  Working  hours  of  women  in  factories. 
Charities  and  the  Commons,  Oct.  6,  1906,  v.  17,  p.13-21. 

R  elates  the  hours  and  conditions  under  which  women  labor  in  the 
factories  of  New  York. 


30 


American  Social  Studies 


Mac  Arthur,  Walter.  Movement  for  shorter  working  day.  Fo¬ 
rum,  1901,  v.  31,  p.  576-80. 

McVey,  F.  L.  Social  effects  of  the  eight  hour  day.  American 
Journal  of  Sociology,  Jan.  1903,  v.  8,  p.  521-30. 

Plea  for  the  eight  hour  day. 

Marcy,  Edwin.  Eight  hour  day  by  legislation.  Arena,  Sept. 
1900,  v.  24,  p.  235-43. 

Shows  the  effect  of  the  eight  hour  day  economically,  physically, 
and  socially,  and  proposes  legislation  as  the  proper  remedy. 

Shortening  of  the  industrial  working  day.  Review  of  Reviews, 
Nov.  1906,  v.  34,  p.  622-24. 

Reviews  article  of  Robert  Schultze  on  laboring  hours  in  which  is 
made  a  strong  plea  for  shorter  hours. 


c.  As  to  wages 

Books 

Adams,  T.  S.  Labor  problems,  by  T.  S.  Adams  and  H.  L. 
Sumner.  1905.  See  chapters  on  Poverty,  earnings,  and 
unemployment,  p.  142-70;  Minimum  wage  law,  p.  493-500. 

Bliss,  W.  D.  P.  New  encyclopedia  of  social  reform.  1908.  See 
articles  on  Piece  work,  Minimum  wage. 

Bolen,  G.  L.  Getting  a  living.  1903.  See  chapters  on  What 
makes  the  rate  of  wages?  p.  123-53;  Higher  wages  from 
higher  prices,  p.  330-43;  Have  wage  workers  obtained  their 
share?  p.  344-62;  Promise  of  the  future  for  wage  earners, 
p.  363-400;  Low  wages  and  vice,  p.  627-39. 

Commons,  J.  R.  Premium  plan  for  paying  for  labor  (in  his 
Trade  unionism  and  labor  'problems.  1905.  p.  274-88). 

Lavasseur,  P.  E.  American  workman.  1901.  See  chapters  on 
Wages  of  men,  p.276-335;  Wages  of  women  and  children, 
p.  336-58;  Factors  determining  nominal  wage,  p.  359-435; 
Summary,  p.  446-56. 

Mitchell,  John.  Organized  labor.  1903.  See  chapters  on 
American  standard  of  wages,  p.  110-19;  Immigrant  and  the 
living  wage,  p.  176-85. 

New  international  encyclopedia.  See  article  on  Wages. 

Smith,  S.  G.  Primary  demands  of  labor  (in  his  Industrial 
conflict.  1907.  p.  50-82). 

Webb,  Sidney.  Industrial  democracy,  by  Sidney  Webb  and 
Mrs.  B.  P.  Webb.  1902.  See  chapters  on  Standard  rate, 
p.  279-323;  National  minimum,  p.  766-84. 


The  Labor  Problem. 


31 


Periodicals 


Alger,  G.  W.  Equivocal  rights  of  labor.  Atlantic,  March  1906, 
v.  97,  p.  364-68. 

Discusses  wage  conditions  and  the  need  of  legislation. 

Benjamin,  C.  H.  Review  of  the  wage  problem,  Cassier,  July 
1904,  v.  26,  p.  310-15.  . 

General  review  of  the  contract,  piece,  and  premium  systems. 

Laughlin,  J.  L.  Union  versus  higher  wages.  Journal  of  Politic¬ 
al  Economy,  March  1906,  v.  14,  p.  129-42. 

Minimum  wage.  Independent,  Oct.  2,  1902,  v.  54,  p.  2373-75. 
Describes  and  criticises  this  system. 


Ryan,  J.  A.  What  wage  is  a  living  wage?  Catholic  World, 
April  1902,  v.  75,  p.  2-16.  .  . 

Shows  the  lowest  amount  that  a  working  man  should  attempt  to 
live  on. 

Smith,  E.  J.  Living  profits  and  a  living  wage.  Forum  ,  July 
1900,  v.  28,  p.  542-53.  . 

Actual  experiences  of  a  journeyman  mechanic,  foreT a0  f.1!  6 “f 
plover.  Suggests  remedy  for  the  adjustment  of  wages  by  the  es¬ 
tablishment  of  a  board  to  adjust  scale  between  employer  and  em¬ 
ployee. 

Trade  unions  and  the  premium  plan  of  wages.  Independent, 
June  11,  1903,  v.  55,  p.  1408-09. 

An  explanation  of  this  system  of  wages. 

Waudby,  W.  S.  Labor’s  rights  and  wrongs.  Arena,  March  1902, 

v.  27,  p.  267-76.  ^  . 

Severe  criticism  of  the  present  labor  situation  and  a  plea  for  bet¬ 
ter  hours  and  wages. 


6.  The  conditions  of  women  s  labor 

Books 

Bliss,  W.  D.  P.  New  encyclopedia  of  social  reform.  1908.  See 
articles  on  Women’s  ecomomic  position  in  Great  Britain, 
Women’s  economic  position  in  the  United  States,  Women  s 

trade. 

Bolen,  G.  L.  Wage  earning  by  women  (in  his  Getting  a  living. 
1903.  p.  468-99). 

Brooks,  J.  G.  Social  unrest  (in  his  Social  unrest.  1904.  p. 
68-106). 

Hammond,  M.  B.  Women’s  wages  in  manual  work  (in  Com¬ 
mons,  J.  R.  ed.  Trade  unionism  and  labor  problems.  1905, 

p.  396-422). 


32 


American  Social  Studies 


Kelley,  Florence.  Some  ethical  gains  through  legislation.  1905. 
See  chapters  on  Right  to  leisure,  p.  105-26;  Judicial  inter¬ 
pretation  of  the  right  to  leisure,  p.  127-71;  right  of  women 
to  the  ballot,  p.  172-208. 

Kellor,  F.  A.  Out  of  work.  1904.  See  chapters  on  Business 
conditions  and  methods,  p.  40-76;  Responsibility  for  mor¬ 
ality  and  vice,  p.  77-103;  Intelligence  office  and  household 
work,  p.  118-78;  New  movement  and  remedies,  p.  152-78. 

Mitchell,  John.  Women’s  labor  (in  his  Orqanized  labor.  1903. 
p.  131-41). 

New  international  encyclopedia.  See  article  on  Women  in  in¬ 
dustry. 

Roberts,  Peter.  Employment  of  girls  in  the  textile  industries  of 
Pennsylvania  (in  Commons,  J.  R.  ed.  Trade  unionism  and 
labor  problems.  1905.  p.  423-34). 

Smith,  S.  G.  Secondarv  demands  of  labor  (in  his  Industrial  con¬ 
flict.  1907.  p.  83-100). 

Sumner,  H.  L.  Women  and  child  labor  (in  Adams,  T.  S.  and 
Sumner,  H.  L.  Labor  problems.  1905.  p.  19-67). 

Van  Vorst,  Mrs.  John.  Woman  who  toils;  the  experiences  of 
two  gentlewomen  as  factory  girls,  by  Mrs.  John  Van  Vorst 
and  Marie  Van  Vorst.  Doubleday,  1903.  $1.50. 

Gives  a  vivid  account  of  the  conditions  under  which  women  have 
to  work. 

Willet,  M.  H.  Women  in  the  clothing  trade  (in  Commons,  J.  R. 
ed.  Trade  unionism  and  labor  problems.  1905.  p.  371-95). 

Wright,  C.  D.  Some  ethical  phases  of  the  labor  problem.  1902. 
See  chapters  on:  Relations  of  political  economy  to  the 
labor  problem, p.  25-77;  Factory  as  an  element  in  civiliza¬ 
tion,  p.  81-157. 

Periodicals 

Abbott,  Edith.  Employment  of  women  in  industries,  by  Edith 
Abbott  and  S.  P.  Breckinridge.  Journal  of  Political 
Economy,  Jan.  1906,  v.  14,  p.  14-40. 

Report  upon  the  condition  of  the  labor  of  women  made  up  from 
the  report  of  the  twelfth  census. 

-  History  of  industrial  employment  of  women  in  the  United 

States.  Journal  of  Political  Economy,  Oct.  1906,  v.  14,  p. 
461-501. 

Shows  the  extent  of  the  factory  system  and  the  tendency  toward 
the  displacement  of  men  by  women  in  manufacturing-  and  mechani¬ 
cal  pursuits. 


The  Labor  Problem 


33 


Calvin,  Alice.  Shop  girl.  Outlook,  Feb.  15,  190S,  v.  88,  p. 
383—84 

Presents  difficulties  the  shop  girls  encounter  in  living  in  a  large 

city  upon  the  salary  earned. 

Cranston,  M.  R.  Girl  behind  the  counter.  World  To-day, 

March  1906,  v.  10,  p.  270-74.  .  , 

Descriptive  article  dealing  principally  with  work  in  large  depait- 
ment  stores  in  this  country  and  in  Europe. 

Klink,  J.  S.  Put  yourself  in  her  place.  Atlantic,  Feb.  1905, 
v.  95,  p.  169-77. 

Presents  the  problems  of  domestic  help. 

Maule,  M.  K.  What  is  a  shop  girl’s  life?  World’s  Work,  Sept. 
1907,  v.  14,  p.  9311-16. 

Striking  account  of  a  shop  girl’s  life  in  the  New  1  ork  city  stores. 

Richardson,  Dorothy.  Difficulties  and  dangers  confronting  the 
working  woman.  Annals  of  the  American  Academy,  May 
1906,  v.  27,  p.  624-26. 

Shows  that  the  woman  from  her  mental  aud  physical  make  up  is 
incapable  of  enduring  the  same  industrial  hardships  as  men. 

Stokes,  R.  H.  P.  Conditions  of  the  working  woman  from  the 
working  women’s  point  of  view.  Annals  of  the  American 

Academy,  May  1906,  v.  27,  p.  627-37. 

Attitude  of  the  working  woman  and  some  of  the  evils  that  she  has 
to  face. 

i  Thompson,  F.  M.  Truth  about  woman  in  ^industry.  North 

American  Review, May  1904,  v.  178,  p.  751-66. 

Takes  the  position  that  women  in  industry  are  a  failure.  Conse¬ 
quence  of  women  wage  earning. 


7.  Child  labor 

Books 

Bolen,  G.  W.  Wage  earning  by  women  (in  his  Getting  a  liv¬ 
ing .  1903.  p.  468-99.) 

Brooks,  J.  G.  Social  unrest.  1904.  See  chapters  on  Some 
generalities,  p.  17-45;  Master  passion  of  democracy,  p.  243- 
57. 

Kelley,  Florence.  Some  ethical  gains  through  legislation.  1905 
See  chapters  on  Right  to  chilhood,  p.  3-57 ;  The  child,  the 
state,  and  the  nation,  p.  58-104. 

Mitchell,  John.  Child  labor  (in  his  Organized  labor.  1903.  p. 
131-41). 

New  international  encyclopedia.  See  articles  on  Child  labor 
Sweating  system. 

3 


34 


American  Social  Studies 


Smith,  S.  G.  Secondary  demands  of  labor  (in  his  Industrial  con¬ 
flict.  1907.  p.  83-99). 

Spargo,  John.  Bitter  cry  of  the  children.  Macmillan,  1906. 
$1.50. 

Explains  the  effects  of  poverty  upon  the  child.  Chapter  3  deals 
specifically  with  the  working  child. 

Sumner,  H.  L.  Women  and  child  labor  (in  Adams,  T.  S.  and 
Sumner,  H.  L.  Labor  'problems.  1905.  p.  19-67). 

Periodicals 

Addams,  Jane.  Child  labor  and  pauperism.  Charities,  Oct.  3, 
1903,  v.  11,  p.  300-04. 

Contains  arguments  showing  that  child  labor  unfits  the  child  for 
future  usefulness  and  tends  to  pauperize  the  parents  and  the  com¬ 
munity  itself. 

Bacon,  M.  A.  Who  was  her  keeper?  McClure,  April  1903, 
v.  20,  p.  661-66. 

A  story  illustrating  effects  of  child  labor  in  a  southern  cotton 
mill. 

Cahoon,  H.  H.  Children  in  factory  and  commercial  life.  New 
England  Magazine,  Dec.  1901,  v.  25,  p.  498-511. 

Shows  the  advantages  of  mercantile  life  over  other  forms  of 
child  labor. 

Flower,  B.  O.  Cry  of  the  children.  Arena,  Sept.  1902,  v.  28, 
p.  305-17. 

Deals  with  different  phases  of  child  labor  and  closes  with  an  ac¬ 
count  of  the  progress  made  in  England. 

Lovejoy,  O.  R.  School  house  or  coal  breaker.  Outlook,  Aug.  26, 
1905,  v.  80,  p.  1011-19. 

Shows  the  extent  of  child  labor  in  the  anthracite  coal  regions 
from  investigations  made  by  the  National  Child  Labor  Commission. 

McKelway,  A.  J.  Child  labor  and  social  progress.  Charities 
and  the  Commons,  April  18,  1908,  v.  20,  p.  104-07. 

Report  of  the  secretary  of  the  National  Child  Labor  Commission 
showing  the  progress  made  in  the  child  labor  movement,  especially 
in  the  southern  states. 

-  Fight  to  save  the  children.  World  To-day,  April  1907, 

v.  12,  p.  427-30. 

Short  history  of  the  child  labor  movement,  and  conclusions 
reached  from  a  study  of  the  census  bulletin  on  this  subject. 

Markham,  Edwin.  Spinners  in  the  dark.  Cosmopolitan,  July 
1907,  v.  43,  p.  310-14. 

Illuminating  description  of  child  labor  in  the  silk  mills. 


The  Labor  Problem 


35 


The  Proposed  Solutions 

General  Bibliography 

Books 

Adams,  T.  S.  Labor  problems,  by  T.  S.  Adams  and  H.  L.  Sum¬ 
ner.  1905.  See  chapters  on  Labor  organizations  and  em¬ 
ployer’s  associations,  p.  214-85;  Agencies  of  industrial 
peace,  p.  287-332;  Profit  sharing,  p.  333-77;  Co-operation, 
p.  379-431;  Labor  laws,  p.  461-500. 

Bolen,  G.  L.  Getting  a  living.  1903.  See  chapters  on  Co-oper¬ 
ative  industry,  p.  67-96;  Profit  sharing,  p.  97-122;  Trade 
unions,  p.  154-98;  Labor  laws,  p.  523-80;  Insurance  and 
pensions,  p.  581-99;  Conciliation  and  arbitration,  p.738-62. 

Brooks,  G.  L.  Social  unrest.  1904. 

Buchanan,  J.  R.  Story  of  a  labor  agitator.  1903. 

Commons,  J.  R.  ed.  Trade  unionism  and  labor  problems.  1905. 

Ely,  R.  T.  Labor  movement  in  America.  1905.  See  chapters 
on  Growth  and  present  conditions  of  labor  organizations  in 
America,  p.  34-91;  Economic  value  of  labor  organizations, 
p.  92-140;  Other  aspects  of  labor  organizations,  p.  141-166; 
Co-operation  in  America,  p.  167-208;  Socialism,  p.  209-94. 

Hapgood,  Hutchins.  Spirit  of  labor.  1907. 

Kelley,  Florence.  Some  ethical  gains  through  legislation.  1905. 
See  chapters  on  The  child,  the  state  and  the  nation,  p. 
58-104;  Judicial  interpretation  of  the  right  to  leisure,  p. 
127-71;  Rights  of  purchasers,  p.  209-28;  Rights  of  pur¬ 
chasers  and  the  courts,  p.  229-55;  Appendix,  p.  256-336. 

Lavasseur,  P.  E.  American  workman.  1901.  See  chapters  on 
Labor  laws  and  trade  regulations,  p.  104-177 ;  Organization 
of  labor,  p.  178-231;  Present  conditions  and  future  pros¬ 
pects,  p.  436-509. 

Mitchell.  John.  Organized  labor.  1903. 

Peters,  J.  P.  «d.  Labor  and  capital.  1902.  See  chapters  on  Labor 
unions,  p.  55-125;  Arbitration,  p.  133-304;  Model  indus¬ 
tries,  p.  309-57;  Socialism  and  single  tax,  p.  359-414. 

Smith,  S.  G.  Would  socialism  do?  (in  his  Industrial  conflict. 
1907.  p.  201-19)  . 


36 


American  Social  Studies 


Webb,  Sidney.  Industrial  democracy,  by  Sidney  Webb  and  Mrs. 
B.  P.  Webb.  1902. 

Wright,  C.  D.  Religion  in  relation  to  sociology  (in  his  Some 
ethical  phases  of  the  labor  problem.  1902.  p.  3-22). 


1 .  Proposed  solutions  by  the  employer 

a.  Welfare  work. 

Periodicals 

Commons,  J.  R.  Welfare  work  in  a  great  industrial  plant.  Re¬ 
view  of  Reviews,  July  1903,  v.  28,  p.  79-81. 

Shows  the  results  accomplished  in  the  McCormick  and  Deering 
companies. 

Ely,  R.  T.  American  industrial  experiment.  Harper’s  Monthly, 
June  1902,  v.  105,  p.  39-45. 

By  use  of  a  concrete  example  shows  how  welfare  work  may  be¬ 
come  but  a  policy  of  enlightened  absolutism. 

-  Industrial  betterment.  Harper’s  Monthly,  Sept.  1902,  v. 

105,  p.  548-53. 

Describes  welfare  work  carried  on  by  a  company  in  Cleveland. 

Lewis,  Lawrence.  Uplifting  17,000  employees.  World’sWork, 
March  1905,  v.  9,  p.  5939-50. 

Review  of  the  work  undertaken  in  Colorado  in  the  iron,  coal,  and 
steel  manufactories. 

Patterson,  J.  H.  Altruism  and  sympathy  as  a  factor  in  work’s 
administration.  Engineering  Magazine,  Jan.  1901,  v.  20, 
p.  577-602. 

Description  of  various  enterprises  undertaken  for  working  men. 

Rayburn,  C.  A.  Welfare  work  from  the  employee’s  standpoint. 
Chautauquan,  June  1906,  v.  43,  p.  332-34. 

Other  'side  of  the  shield  on  this  Question. 

Tolman,  W.  H.  What  more  than  wages?  Century,  Dec.  1900, 
v.  61,  p.  258-70. 

Work  of  this  kind  described  as  undertaken  in  various  parts  of  the 
country. 


b.  Profit  sharing 

Books 

Bliss,  W.  D.  P.  New  encyclopedia  of  social  reform.  1908.  See 
articles  on  Industrial  betterment,  Profit  sharing. 

Bolen,  G.  L.  Profit  sharing  (in  his  Getting  a  living.  1903.  p. 
97-122). 


The  Labor  Problem 


37 


Gilman,  N.  P.  Dividend  on  wages  (in  Peters,  J.  P.  ed.  Labor 
and  capital.  1902.  p.  330-43). 

Levasseur,  P.  E.  Profit  sharing  (in  his  American  workman.  1901. 
p.  468-77). 

Nelson,  N.  O.  Associated  worker’s  idea  (in  Peters,  J.  P.  ed. 
Labor  and  capital.  1902.  p.  344-52). 

New  international  encyclopedia,  See  article  on  Piofit  sliai- 

in  g. 

Pomeroy,  Eltweed.  Democracy  versus  profit  and  prosperity 
sharing  (in  Peters,  J.  P.  ed.  Labor  and  capital.  1902.  p. 
353-57). 

Stead,  W.  T.  Profit  sharing  plus  co-partnership  (in  Peters,  J.  P. 
ed.  Labor  and  capital.  1902.  p.  323—29). 

Sumner,  H.  L.  Profit  sharing  (in  Adams,  T.  S.  and  Sumner, 
H.  L.  Labor  Problems.  1905.  p.  333-77). 

Tolman,  W.  H.  Prosperity  sharing  (in  Peters,  J.  P.  ed.  Labor 
and  capital.  1902.  p.  309-22). 

Periodicals 

Carnegie,  Andrew.  Labor  partnership  and  profit  sharing. 

Gassier,  July  1903,  v.  24,  p.  183-93. 

Shows  the  results  of  profit  sharing  in  the  steel  corporation  and 
gives  arguments  tor  it  from  a  practical  standpoint. 

Clark,  J.  B.  Profit  sharing  old  and  new.  Harper’s  Monthly, 
April  1905,  v.  110,  p.  772-76. 

Clear  discussion,  stating  conditions  and  results. 

Katscher,  Leopold.  Is  profit  sharing  justifiable?  Catholic 

World,  May  1900,  v.  71.  p.  225-32. 

Does  not  grant  to  profit  sharing  the  solution  of  the  problem,  but 
shows  that  it  is  a  step  in  advance. 

_  Profit-sharing  as  a  system  of  economics.  Catholic  World, 

Sept.  1900,  v.  71,  p.  785-91. 

Gives  good  reasons  for  its  adoption. 

Monroe,  Paul.  Profit  sharing  and  co-operation.  American 
Journal  of  Sociology,  March— May  1899,  v.  4.  See  index 

for  paging. 

Affords  some  splendid  material. 


c.  Employers’  associations. 

Books 

Adams  T.  S.  Employers’  associations  (in  his  Labor  problems. 
1905.  p.  279-85). 


3S 


American  Social  Studies. 


Bliss,  W.  D.  P.  New  encyclopedia  of  social  reform.  1908.  See 
articles  on  Citizens’  industrial  Association  of  America,  Em¬ 
ployers’  associations. 

Mitchell,  John.  Organized  labor  and  organized  capital  (in  his 
Organized  labor.  1903.  p.  186-204). 


Periodicals 


Andrews,  J.  B.  Development  of  employers’  associations.  Com¬ 
mons,  June  1905. 

Baker,  R.  S.  Capital  and  labor  together.  McClure,  Sept.  1903, 
v.  21,  p.  451-63. 

Popular  article. 

-  Organized  capital  challenges  organized  labor.  McClure, 

July  1904,  v.  23,  p.  279-92. 

Shows  what  has  been  effected  by  these  associations  and  their 
standpoint. 

Eliot,  C.  W.  Employer’s  policies  in  the  industrial  strife.  Har¬ 
per’s  Monthly,  March  1905,  v.  110,  p.  528-33. 

States  what  an  employers’  association  should  be. 

Marcosson,  I.  F.  Fight  for  the  open  shop.  World’s  Work,  Dec. 
1905,  v.  11,  p.  6955-65. 

An  account  of  the  employers’  association  of  Chicago. 

Robbins.  Hayes.  Employer’s  fight  against  labor.  World  To-day, 
May  1904,  v.  6,  p.  623. 

Gives  a  summary  of  employer’s  view. 

Willoughby,  W.  F.  Employers’  associations.  Quarterly  Jour¬ 
nal  of  Economics,  Nov.  1905,  v.  20,  p.  143-50. 

Discusses  the  significance  of  the  movement. 


2.  Proposed  solutions 


a.  Labor  organizations 

Books 


Adams,  T.  S.  Labor  organizations  and  employers’  associations 
(in  Adams,  T.  S,  and  Sumner,  H.  L.  Labor  problems. 
1905.  p.  214-85). 

Barneth,  G.  E.  Introduction  of  the  lineotype  (in  Commons,  J.  R. 
ed.  Trade  unionism  and  labor  problems.  1905.  p.  250-73). 

Bliss,  W.  D.  P.  New  encyclopedia  of  social  reform.  1908.  See 
entries  under  names  of  various  unions,  Union  label. 


The  Labor  Problem 


39 


Bogart,  E.  L.  Chicago  building  trades  dispute  (in  Commons, 
J.  R.  ed.  Trade  unionism  and  labor  problems.  1905. 
p.  87-136). 

Bolen,  G.  L.  Getting  a  living.  1903.  See  chapters  on  Trade 
unions:  their  origin  and  history,  p.  154-95;  Questionable 
policies  of  trade  unions,  p.  254-98;  Trade  unionism  and 
the  church,  p.  640-57. 

Brooks,  J.  G.  Social  unrest.  1904. 

Buchanan,  J.  R.  Story  of  a  labor  agitator.  1903. 

Commons,  J.  R.  ed.  Trade  unionism  and  labor  problems. 
1905.  See  chapters  on  Teamsters  of  Chicago,  p.  36-63; 
New  York  building  trades,  p.  65-86;  Incorporations  of 
trade  unions,  p.  137-55. 

Ely,  R.  T.  Labor  movement  in  America.  1905.  See  chapters 
on  Growth  and  present  conditions  of  labor  organizations 
in  America,  p.  34—91;  Economic  value  of  labor  organiza¬ 
tions,  p.  92-119;  Educational  value  of  labor  organizations, 
p.  120-40. 

Gompers,  Samuel.  Labor  unions  and  strikes  (in  Peters,  J.  P. 
ed.  Labor  and  capital.  1902.  p.  62-74). 

Hapgood,  Hutchins.  Spirit  of  labor.  1907. 

Keefe,  D.  J.  Responsibility  of  labor  unions  (in  Peters,  J.  P. 
ed.  Labor  and  capital.  1902.  p.  75-79). 

Levasseur,  P.  E.  American  workman.  1901.  See  chapters 
on  Organizations  of  labor,  p.  178-231;  Summary,  p.  459-61. 

Mitchell,  John.  Organized  labor.  1903. 

Gives  the  best  discussion  from  the  laborer’s  standpoint. 

_  Recognition  of  the  trade  unions  (in  Peters,  J.  P.  ed. 

Labor  and  capital.  1902.  p.  440-47). 

New  international  encylopedia.  See  article  on  Trade  unions. 

Reynolds,  J.  B.  Benefits  of  labor  unions  (in  Peters,  J.  P.  ed. 
Labor  and  capital.  1902.  p.  55-61). 

Scott,  Leroy.  Walking  delegate.  Doubleday,  1905.  $1.50. 

Sumner,  H.  L.  Benefit  system  of  the  cigar  makers  union  (in 
Commons,  J.  R.  ed.  Trade  unionism  and  labor  problems. 
1905.  p.  527-45). 

Warne,  F.  J.  Miner’s  union:  its  business  management  (in 
Commons,  J.  R.  ed.  Trade  unionism  and  labor  problems. 
1905.  p.  13-35). 

Webb,  Sidney.  Industrial  democracy.  1902. 


40 


American  Social  Studies 


White,  Henry.  Labor  unions  and  the  living  wage  (in  Peters, 
J.  P.  ed.  Labor  and  capital.  1902.  p.  80-89). 

Periodicals 

Addams,  Jane.  Trade  unions  and  public  duty.  American  Jour¬ 
nal  of  Sociology,  Jan.  1899,  v.  4,  p.  448-62. 

Wholesome  view  of  trade  unions  and  their  methods,  and  a  consid¬ 
eration  of  the  ethical  principles  involved . 

Baker,  R.  S.  How  labor  is  organized.  World’s  Work,  Aug. 
1902,  v.  4,  p.  2427-32. 

Describes  unions  as  organizations. 

Boulton,  A.  J.  Efficiency  of  union  labor.  Outlook,  March 
28,  1903,  v.  73,  p.  715-20. 

Article  in  the  form  of  Questions  asked  of  A.  J.  Boulton,  the  trade 
union  member  of  the  Social  Reform  Club  of  New  York,  with  his 
answers,  concerning  the  efficiency  of  union  labor. 

Brooks,  J.  G.  Trade  union  and  democracy.  Outlook,  Nov.  17, 
1906,  v.  84,  p.  669-74. 

Spirit  and  aims  of  labor  unions  presented. 

Casson,  H.  N.  Trade  unionist  and  monopolist.  Arena,  Dec. 
1902,  v.  28,  p.  596-601. 

Shows  the  evils  of  monopolies  and  their  effect  upon  unions. 

Commons,  J.  R.  Restrictions  by  trade  unions.  Outlook,  Oct. 
27,  1906,  v.  84,  p.  470-76. 

Defends  trade  unions  against  the  charge  of  restriction. 

Cunniff,  M.  G.  Human  side  of  labor  unions.  World’s  Work, 
Nov.  1902,  v.  5,  p.  2742-47. 

Popular  account  of  the  experiences  of  the  writer  among  laborers. 

-  Labor  unions  from  the  inside.  World’s  Work,  Sept.  1902, 

v.  4,  p.  256-70. 

-  Labor  union’s  restriction  of  industry.  World’s  Work, 

Oct.  1902,  v.  4,  p.  2666-67. 

Easley,  R.  M.  What  organized  labor  has  learned.  McClure, 
Oct.  1902,  v.  19,  p.  483-92. 

Description  of  the  progress  of  trade  unionism  in  the  United  States 
by  the  secretary  of  the  National  Civic  Federation. 

Eliot,  C.  W.  Labor  unions:  their  good  features  and  their  evil 
ones.  Cassier,  Feb.  1903,  v.  23,  p.  434-40. 

Ideal  labor  unions  and  a  criticism  of  present  labor  methods. 

Grant,  R.  B.  Eye  of  fear.  Century,  March  1904,  v.  67,  p. 
780-88. 

Working  man’s  discussion  on  labor  unions. 

Laughlin,  J.  L.  Hope  for  labor  unions.  Scribner,  Nov.  1905, 
v.  38,  p.  627-33. 

Study  of  trade  unions  for  the  interest  of  its  membership. 


The  Labor  Problem 


41 


Nelson,  H.  L.  Industrial  liberty  not  industrial  anarchy.  North 
American  Review,  April  1904,  v.  178,  p.  571-81. 

Recognizes  the  place  and  claims  of  trade  unions  but  also  insists  on 
law  and  order. 

Wright,  C.  D.  Consolidated  labor.  North  American  Review, 
Jan.  1902,  v.  174,  p.  30-45. 

Historical  and  present  conditions  traced. 


t>.  Co-operative  industry 

Books 

Bliss,  W.  D.  P.  New  encyclopedia  of  social  reform.  1908.  See 
articles  on  Co-operation,  Trade  agreements. 

Bolen,  G,  L.  Co-operative  industry  (in  his  Getting  a  living. 

1903.  p.  67-96). 

Ely,  R.  T.  Co-operation  in  America  (in  his  Labor  movement  in 
America.  1905.  p.  167-208). 

New  international  encyclopedia.  See  articles  on  Building  and 
loan  associations,  Co-operation. 

Sumner,  H.  L.  Co-operation  (in  Adams,  T.  S.  and  Sumner, 
H.  L.  Labor  problems.  1905.  p.  379-431). 

Periodicals 

Cranston,  M.  R.  Co-operative  industries.  Chautauquan,  Dec. 

1904,  v.  40,  p.  351-58. 

Co-operation  looked  at  from  the  practical  business  point  of  view. 

Flower,  B.  O.  Freedom  and  growth  through  co-operation. 
Arena,  Feb.  1901,  v.  26,  p.  210-17. 

Shows  the  success  obtained  in  Europe  and  the  need  here. 

-  Keynote  of  the  present  revolution  in  the  political  and 

economic  world.  Arena,  July  1902,  v.  28,  p.  84-90. 

Harwood,  W.  S.  Co-operation  in  the  West.  Atlantic,  April 
1900,  v.  85,  p.  539-46. 

Discussion  of  the  problem  with  examples  of  its  success. 

Parsons,  Frank.  Experiment  in  industrial  harmony.  Outlook, 
July  10,  1905,  v.  80,  p.  671-76. 

,  Experiment  tried  in  one  of  the  leading  stores  of  Boston. 

-  Rise  and  progress  of  co-operation  in  Europe.  Arena,  Aug. 

1903,  v.  30,  p.  27-36. 

Outlines  sixteen  arguments  in  favor  of  co-operation. 


42 


American  Social  Studies 


3.  Joint  agreements:  conciliation  and  arbitration 

Books 

Adams,  T.  S.  Agencies  of  industrial  peace  (in  Adams,  T.  S. 
and  Sumner,  H.  L.  Labor  'problems.  1905.  p.  287-331). 

Bliss,  W  D.  P.  New  encyclopedia  of  social  reform.  1908.  See 
articles  on  Arbitration  and  conciliation,  Compulsory  arbi¬ 
tration,  New  Zealand. 

Bolen,  G.  L.  Getting  a  living.  1903.  See  chapters  on  Con¬ 
ciliation,  arbitration,  and  collective  bargaining,  p.  690-737; 
Combination  and  liberty,  p.  738-62. 

Commons,  J.  R.  Trade  agreements  (in  his  Trade  unionism  and 
labor  problems.  1905.  p.  1-12). 

Ely,  R.  T.  Arbitration  (in  his  Labor  movement  in  America.  1905. 
p.  146-53). 

Levasseur,  P.  E.  Summary  (in  his  American  workman.  1901. 
p.  464-66). 

Macrosty,  H.  W.  State  arbitration  and  the  minimum  wage  in 
Australasia  (in  Commons,  J.  R.  ed.  Trade  unionism  and 
labor  problems.  1905.  p.  195-221). 

Mitchell,  John.  Arbitration  (in  his  Organized  labor.  1903.  p. 
337-54). 

New  international  encyclopedia.  See  article  on  Industrial 

arbitration  and  conciliation. 

Peters,  J.  P.  ed.  Arbitration  (in  his  L>abor  and  capital.  1902. 
p.  133-3041. 

Webb,  Sidney.  Methods  of  collective  bargaining;  ar  ,ltration, 
by  Sidney  Webb  and  Mrs.  B.  P.  Webb  (in  their  Industrial 
democracy.  1902.  p.  173-246). 

Periodicals 

Clark,  E.  E.  Arbitration  of  industrial  disputes.  Annals  of  the 
American  Academy,  Sept.  1904,  v.  24,  p.  285-95. 

Fair,  judicial  view  with  arguments  in  its  favor. 

Clark,  J  B.  Do  we  want  compulsory  arbitration?  Independent, 
Nov.  13,  1902,  v.  54,  p.  2681-82. 

Argument  in  favor  of  compulsory  arbitration. 

Coggins,  P.  H.  Delusion  of  cumpulsory  arbitration.  Arena,  May 
1900,  v.  23,  p.  499-515. 

Argument  against  cumpulsory  arbitration. 


The  Labor  Problem 


43 


Commons,  J.  R.  Arbitration,  conciliat  ion,  trade  agreement.  In¬ 
dependent,  July  1904,  v.  56,  p.  1440-44. 

Discusses  the  weakness  of  arbitration  and  the  strength  of  trade 
agreement. 

- New  way  of  settling  labor  disputes.  Review  of  Reviews, 

March  1901,  v.  23,  p.  328-32. 

Shows  the  advantage  of  joint  agreement  over  against  arbitration. 

Easley,  R.  M.  Fundamental  issues.  Independent,  Aug.  28,  1902, 
v.  54,  p.  2065-68. 

Account  of  work  and  purposes  of  the  National  Civic  Federation. 

Gompers,  Samuel.  Limits  of  conciliation  and  arbitration.  An¬ 
nals  of  the  American  Academy,  July  1902,  v.  20,  p.  29-34. 

Labor  attitude  on  this  issue. 

Hanna,  M.  A.  Industrial  conciliation  and  arbitration.  Annals  of 
the  American  Academy,  July  1902,  v.  20,  p.  21-26. 

View  point  of  a  politician. 

Hobson,  J.  A.  Compulsory  arbitration:  a  half  way  house  to  so¬ 
cialism.  North  American  Review,  Nov.  1902,  v.  175,  p. 
597-606. 

General  discussion  with  reference  to  the  experiment  tried  in  New 
Zealand. 

MacArthur,  Walter.  American  trade  unions  and  arbitration. 
Forum,  Feb.  1901,  v.  30,  p.  737-51. 

Arbitration  in  its  different  phases. 


4.  Idealistic  proposals  effecting  the  labor  problem 

Books 

Bliss,  W.  D.  P.  How  to  unite  labor  and  capital  in  the  same 
man  (in  Peters,  J.  P.  ed.  Labor  and  capital.  1902.  p.  378- 
87). 

-  New  encyclopedia  of  social  reform.  1908.  See  articles  on 

Socialism,  Socialistic  labor  party. 

Brooks  J.  G.  Socialism:  history  and  theory  (in  his  Social  unrest. 
1904.  p.  258-380). 

Chase,  J.  C.  Abolition  of  competition  (in  Peters,  J.  P.  ed.  Labor 
and  capital.  1902.  p.  374-77). 

Ely,  R.  T.  I  jabor  movement  in  America.  1905.  See  chapters 

on  Beginning  of  modern  socialism  in  America,  p.  209-30; 
Internationalist,  p.  231-53;  Propaganda  of  deed,  p.  254-68 
Socialistic  labor  party,  p.  269-76:  Strength  of  revolutionary 
socialism:  its  significance,  p.  277-94. 


44 


American  Social  Studies 


Hall,  Bolton.  Restoration  of  land  to  the  laborer  (in  Peters,  J_ 
P.  ed.  Labor  and  capital.  1902.  p.  388-99). 

Mardie,  J.  K.  Public  ownership  of  land  and  capital  (in  Peters, 
J.  P.  ed.  Labor  and  capital.  1902.  p.  363-68). 

Hunter,  Robert.  Socialists  at  work.  Macmillan,  1908.  $1.50. 

Describes  practical  socialism  at  work  in  Germany,  Italy,  France, 
Belgium,  and  England.  Shows  the  influence  and  active  effects  of 
socialism  on  the  laboring  man  and  labor  problem. 

Levasseur,  P.  E.  Socialism  (in  his  American  Workman.  1901* 
p.  471-77). 

New  international  encylopedia.  See  article  on  Socialism. 

Smith,  S.  G.  Would  socialism  do?  (in  his  Industrial  conflict. 
1907.  p.  201-19). 

Wright,  C.  D.  Religion  in  relation  to  sociology  (in  his  Some 
ethical  phases  of  the  labor  problem.  1902.  p.3-22). 

Periodicals 

Bliss,  W.  D.  P.  Growth  of  socialism.  Review  of  Reviews* 
1906,  v.  34,  p.  82-84. 

Shows  the  growth  of  the  socialist  party. 

-  Trade  unions  and  politics.  Outlook,  Jan.  S,  1907,  v.  85,. 

p.  25-29. 

Trade  unions’  stand  in  politics  and  their  relation  to  socialism. 

Brooks,  J.  G.  Socialist  program.  Atlantic,  Nov.  1906,  v. 
98,  p.  651-57. 

Points  out  some  things  socialists  are  working  for. 

Corregan,  C.  H.  Socialist  labor  party  appeal.  Independent, 
Oct.  13,  1904,  v.  57,  p.  841-43. 

Statement  of  principles  of  the  Socialist  labor  party  by  candidate 
of  the  party  for  the  presidency  of  the  United  States. 

Frank,  Henry.  Meaning  of  invasion  of  European  socialism. 
Arena,  Sept.  1907,  v.  38,  p.  277-84. 

Points  out  significance  of  growth  of  socialism  in  the  United  States. 

Jones,  E.  O.  Unique  features  of  the  socialist  party.  Arena, 
Oct.  1907,  v.  38,  p.  423-26. 

Statement  of  beliefs  and  aims  of  the  socialist  party. 

London,  Jack.  Class  struggle.  Independent,  Nov.  5,  1903,  v* 
55,  p.  2603-10. 

Statement  of  industrial  and  social  conflict  of  classes  from  radical 
standpoint. 

New  socialism.  Living  Age,  April  23,  1904,  v.  241,  p.  193- 

212. 

Comprehensive  discussion  of  the  principles  of  socialism. 


The  Labor  Problem 


4$ 


Sinclair,  Upton.  Socialist  party.  World’s  Work,  April  1906> 
v.  11,  p.  7481-32. 

Describes  organization,  doctrines,  and  purposes. 

Whitaker,  Herman.  Natural  selection,  competition,  and  social¬ 
ism.  Arena,  Aug.  1900,  v.  24,  p.  129-44. 

Defense  of  some  of  the  criticisms  of  socialism. 


5.  Legislative  control 

a.  Labor  legislation 

Books 

Adams,  T.  S.  Labor  laws  (in  Adams,  T.  S.  and  Sumner,  H.  L. 
Labor  problems.  1905.  p.  461-500). 

Bliss  W.  D.  P.  New  encyclopedia  of  social  reform.  1908.  See 
articles  on  Child  labor,  Eight  hour  day,  Factory  legisla¬ 
tion,  Railway  labor  legislation,  Sunday  rest,  Sweat-shops. 

Bolen,  G.  L.  Getting  a  living.  1903.  See  chapters  on  Labor 
laws,  p.  523-57;  Injunction  in  labor  disputes,  548-80. 

Brooks,  J.  G.  Social  unrest.  1904.  See  chapters  on  Politics 
and  business,  p.  46—67;  Social  question  and  its  economic 
significance,  p.  107-43. 

Commons,  J.  R.  ed.  Trade  unionism  and  laboi  pioblems. 
1905.  See  chapters  on  Decisions  of  courts  in  labor  dis¬ 
putes,  p.  156-94;  State  regulation  of  employment:  decisions 
of  courts,  p.  509-26. 

Holt,  G.  C.  Laws  and  their  enforcement  (in  Peters,  J.  P.  ed. 
Labor  and  capital.  1902.  p.  95-109). 

Kelley,  Florence.  Some  ethical  gains  through  legislation.  1905. 
See  chapters  on  Right  to  childhood,  p.  3-57;  Child,  the 
state,  and  the  nation,  p.  58-104:  Judicial  interpretation  of 
the  right  to  leisure,  p.  127—71;  Appendix,  1-5. 

Kellor,  F.  A.  State  and  municipal  laws  (in  her  Out  of  Work. 
1904.  p.  258-83). 

Leavitt,  J.  B.  Rights  of  property  and  rights  of  man  (in  Pet¬ 
ers,  J.  P.  ed.  Labor  and  capital.  1902.  p.  116-25). 

Levasseur,  P.  E.  Labor  laws  and  trade  regulations  (in  his 
American  workman.  1901.  p.  104-77). 

Mitchell,  John.  Labor  legislation  (in  his  Organized  labor.  1903. 
p.  215-45). 


46 


American  Social  Studies 


New  international  encyclopedia.  See  articles  on  Factory  legis¬ 
lation,  Labor  legislation. 

Warner,  J.  de  W.  Trusts  and  labor  unions  from  a  legal  aspect: 
the  many  and  the  few  (in  Peters,  J.  P.  ed.  Labor  and  capi¬ 
tal  1902.  p.  119-25). 

Webb,  Sidney.  Method  of  legal  enactment,  by  Sidney  Webb 
and  Mrs.  B.  P.  Webb  (in  their  Industrial  democracy.  1902. 
p.  247-78). 

Whittelsey,  S.  S.  Massachusetts  labor  legislation  (in  Com¬ 
mons,  J.  R.  ed.  Trade  unionism  and  labor  problems.  1905. 
p.  482-508). 

Periodicals 

Annulling  labur  legislation.  Chautauquan,  June  1903,  v.  37 
p.  227-28. 

Points  out  the  tendency  to  annul  labor  legislation  because  of  con¬ 
stitutional  questions. 

Beveridge,  A.  J.  Position  of  child  labor  legislation.  Indepen¬ 
dent,  Feb.  21,  1907,  v.  62,  p.  434-36.  • 

Beveridge’s  defense  of  the  constitutionality  of  a  child  labor  law. 

Clark,  L.  D.  Legal  status  of  organized  labor.  Journal  of  Polit¬ 
ical  Economy,  March  1905,  v.  13,  p.  173-200. 

A  statement  of  trade  union  relation  to  the  law. 

Eight  hour  legislation  and  contract  rights.  Chautauquan,  Feb. 
1905,  v.  40,  p.  508-09. 

Discussion  of  the  right  of  the  state  to  legislate  in  regard  to  hours 
of  labor. 

Goldmark,  J.  C.  Labor  legislation  for  women.  American 
Journal  of  Sociology,  Nov.  1905,  v.  11,  p.  312-35. 

Thorough  discussion  and  statement  of  the  situation  and  need  for 
legislation. 

International  Association  for  Labor  Legislation:  specific  object. 
Charities  and  the  Commons,  March  3,  1906,  v.  15,  p.  741. 

Origin  and  purpose  of  this  association  explained. 

Judson,  F.  N.  Labor  decisions  of  Judge  Taft.  Review  of  Re¬ 
views,  Aug.  1907,  v.  36,  p.  212-17. 

Review  of  labor  legislation. 

Legislative  enforcement  and  present  problems.  Charities 
March  4,  1905,  v.  13,  p.  536-40. 

Account  of  the  national  child  labor  meeting  with  opinions  of  Judge 
Lindsay,  Florence  Kelley  and  others. 

Weber,  A.  F.  International  movement  for  labor  legislation. 
Charities  and  the  Commons,  Feb.  2,  1907,  v.  17,  p.  833-38. 

Movement  here  and  in  other  countries  discussed. 


The  Labor  Problem 


47 


Whittelsey,  S.  S.  Tendency  of  factory  legislation  and  improve¬ 
ment  in  the  United  States.  Annals  of  the  American 
Academy,  July  1902,  v.  20,  p.  235-53. 

Gives  the  present  laws  and  historical  development. 


b.  Employer’s  liability 

Books 

Adams,  T.  S.  Employer’s  liability  (in  Adams,  T.  S.  and 
Sumner,  H.  L.  Labor  Problems.  1905.  p.  478-87). 

Bliss,  W.  D.  P.  New  encyclopedia  of  social  reform.  1908. 
See  article  on  Employer’s  liability. 

Brooks,  J.  G.  Politics  and  business  (in  his  Social  unrest.  1904. 
p.  46-67). 

Mitchell,  John.  Death  roll  of  industry  (in  his  Organized  labor. 
1903.  p.  142-52). 

New  international  encyclopedia.  See  article  on  Employer’s 
liability. 

Sullivan,  J.  W.  Printer’s  health  (in  Commons,  J.  R.  Trade 
unionism  and  labor  problems.  1905.  p.  435-53). 

Webb,  Sidney.  Sanitation  and  safety,  by  Sidney  Webb  and 
Mrs.  B.  P.  Webb  (in  their  Industrial  democracy.  1902. 
p.  354-91). 

Weber,  A.  F.  Employer’s  liability  and  accident  insurance  (in 
Commons,  J.  R.  ed.  Trade  unionism  and  labor  problems. 
1905.  p.  546-73). 

Periodicals. 

Alger,  G.  W.  Equivocal  rights  of  labor.  Atlantic,  March  1906, 
v.  97,  p.  364-68. 

Urges  the  injustice  of  the  present  system  under  which  so  many 
laborers  are  injured  each  year. 

_  Present  situation.  Charities,  Feb.  2,  1907,  v.  17,  p. 

826-28. 

An  article  showing  the  actual  conditions  confronting  the  working 
man  at  the  present  time. 

Fox,  Alan.  Compensation  for  accidental  injuries  to  working 
men.  World  To-day,  Oct.  1906,  v.  11,  p.  1107-08. 

Shows  the  loss  of  life  under  the  present  conditions. 

Freund,  Ernst.  Federal  employers’  liability  act.  Charities, 
and  the  Commons,  March  7,  1908,  v.  19,  p.  1662-64. 

Discussion  of  the  new  federal  employers’  liability  act. 


48 


American  Social  Studies 


Lewis,  Jocelyn.  Was  it  worth  while?  Outlook,  Aug.  18,  1906, 
v.  83,  p.  902-04. 

Description  of  a  particular  case  bringing  the  present  situation  i*. 
bold  relief. 

Low,  A.  M.  Shifting  the  burden.  North  American  Review,  July 
1907,  v.  185,  p.  651-60. 

Insists  that  it  is  the  duty  of  the  the  state  to  assume  the  duty  of 
legislation. 

Reeves,  A.  B.  Death  roll  of  industry.  Charities  and  the 
Commons,  Feb.  2,  1907,  v.  17,  p.  791-801. 

Shows  the  tremendous  loss  of  life  in  the  different  industries. 


c.  Industrial  insurance 

Books 

Adams,  T.  S.  Insurance  benefits  (in  Adams,  T.  S.  and  Sumner, 
H.  L.  Labor  Problems.  1905.  p.  269-79). 

Bliss,  W.  D.  P.  New  encyclopedia  of  social  reform.  1908. 
See  articles  on  Industrial  insurance,  Trade  union  benefits. 

Bolen,  G.  L.  Workingmen’s  insurance  and  pensions  (in  his 
Getting  a  tiring.  1903.  p.  581-99). 

Ely,  R.  T.  Other  aspects  of  labor  organization  (in  his  Labor 
movement  in  America.  1905.  p.  141-45). 

Henderson,  C.  R.  Industrial  insurance  in  the  United  States. 
Chicago,  University  of  Chicago  Press.  1909.  $2. 

The  most  complete  hand-book  yet  published  on  industrial  accident 
insurance.  Scientific  and  reliable. 

New  international  encyclopedia.  See  article  on  Insurance. 

Pinkers,  Norbert.  Workmen’s  insurance  in  Germany  (in  Com¬ 
mons,  J.  R.  ed.  Trade  unionism  and  labor  problems. 
1905.  p.  574-88). 

Webb,  Sidney.  Methods  of  mutual  insurance,  by  Sidney  Webb 
and  Mrs.  B.  P.  Webb  (in  their  Lndustrial  democracy.  1902. 
p.  152-72). 

Periodicals. 

Hale,  E.  E.  Old  age  pensions.  Cosmopolitan,  June  1903  v 
35,  p.  168-72. 

Plea  for  old  age  pensions. 

Henderson,  C.  R.  Industrial  insurance.  American  Journal  of 
Sociology,  Jan.  1907-Sept.  1908,  v.  12-14.  See  index  for 
aging. 


The  Labor  Problem 


49 


Is  labor  insurance  feasible?  Gunton,  April  1902,  v.  22  p 
338-47. 

Quotes  actual  successful  cases. 

Monroe,  Paul.  American  system  of  labor  pensions  and  insur¬ 
ance.  American  Journal  of  Sociology,  Jan.  1897,  v.  2  p 
501-14. 

Discusses  pensions  and  endowment  systems. 

Reeves,  A.  B.  Is  workman’s  compensation  practicable?  Out¬ 
look,  March  1907,  v.  85,  p.  508-11. 

Discusses  insurance  as  one  of  the  possibilities. 

Vanderlip,  F.  A.  Insurance  for  working  men.  North  American 
Review,  Dec.  1905,  v.  181,  p.  921-32. 

Article  on  German  working-men’s  insurance  and  its  application  to 
this  country. 


4 


